The article notes that poultry farming is the most dynamic and knowledge-intensive branch of agriculture. Reproduction of poultry occurs at a high rate, while material and labour costs per unit of production are relatively low. The peculiarities of the poultry industry are revealed, as well as business opportunities in modern conditions. The reasons of constant growth of volumes of consumption of poultry products are stated, the types of products obtained by poultry farming are described. Results of PEST-analysis of external environment of the first and second levels on the example of poultry farms of Krasnodar region, and also results of SWOT-analysis of influence of factors of internal environment are resulted. Risks affecting the activity of poultry farms are revealed. The generally accepted principles that should guide enterprises in the development strategy to minimise the identified threats are disclosed.
The article addresses the development of vegetable growing, shows the need for import substitution. The consumption of vegetables and food melons was 104 kg, which is lower than the consumption rate of 140 kg. The lack of vegetables is made up for by imports. Mainly imported "tomatoes" (32%), "other vegetables" (20%), exported "dried legumes" (78%), "potatoes" (6%). The calculation of trade indicators (coefficient of coverage of vegetable imports by exports, balance of foreign trade, coefficient of elasticity of exports) showed that they do not correspond to regulatory values. Expanding the range of vegetables consumed is one of the main tasks in the selection of vegetables. However, imported seeds are mostly used.
With the process of introducing anti-Russian sanctions and the gradual withdrawal of international companies from the Russian market, despite the difficulties: job losses, reduction in state tax revenue, a share in the domestic agricultural market is being freed up and the likelihood of international influence on it is decreasing, and it becomes possible to establish fair and open pricing for grains and oilseeds, which are the basis of the country's food security. The advantage of base pricing is that one of its components - the commodity exchange quote (indicative) - is open and publicly available, thus the issue of price formation becomes more transparent for both the buyer and the seller. The article raises the question of using commodity indices of the National Commodity Exchange of the Moscow Exchange Group as an indicator of quotes for calculating the basis for agricultural crops. Conclusions are drawn about the advantages of using basic pricing for agricultural crops (grains and oilseeds crops) on the Russian market in modern conditions.
Retail food markets are the main channels of food sales to domestic consumers. This article presents an analysis of the factors of development of local retail markets (retail trade) using the example of administrative units (districts) As a result of the analysis of the regression model, a set of factors influencing the state of retail trade in administrative districts was substantiated: the population in the administrative center of the district, the population density in the administrative district, the presence of manufacturing enterprises in the territory of the administrative district, the presence of the administrative district border with another region. The economic interpretation of the regression model assessment allowed us to draw the following conclusions (all other things being equal): (a) with an increase in the population in the administrative center of the district by 1%, retail trade in the district per capita will increase by 0.5%; (b) with an increase in population density by 1%, retail trade in the district (per capita) will increase by 0.2%; (c) with an increase in cost the volume of output of manufacturing industries in the administrative district by 1% retail trade in the district (per capita) will increase by 0.04%; (d) the presence of an external border with other regions of the Volga Federal District, all other things being equal, will contribute to a reduction in retail trade in the area by 15.4%. The main conclusions of the study are given in the conclusion.
The strategy for the socio-economic development of the Russian Federation with low greenhouse gas emissions until 2050 aims at a low-carbon transformation of agri-food systems. Foreign and domestic experience in substantiating strategies involves the use of economic and mathematical modeling. Based on identifying tasks, criteria and modern research opportunities, the article proposes tools for optimizing dynamic processes in regional agri-food systems. The main tool for calculations is a standard economic and mathematical model of the regional agri-food system, developed taking into account the requirements for the reproduction of soil fertility and limiting greenhouse gas emissions, the structure of which includes two interacting modules: a dynamic model of low-carbon transformation of the regional agri-food system and a static model for optimizing the sectoral structure crop production Calculations using a standard model were performed and analyzed using data from the Kostroma region for 2020. Solutions were obtained using different optimization criteria: environmental, economic and mixed types. Maximizing gross income while setting a constant rate of reduction in greenhouse gas emissions makes it possible to obtain two classes of solutions: with maintaining the positive dynamics of gross income, accompanied by a non-decrease in arable land and the number of dairy cows, and a fall in the gross income of the region’s agri-food system with unsustainable reproduction and a general tendency towards a decline in the number of livestock. The model can be calibrated to the specifics of regional agri-food systems and used as a tool for strategic planning of low-carbon transformation at the national level.
Neutralization of economic sanctions directed against the Russian Federation and ensuring the country's food independence is possible with the sustainable development of the agro-industrial complex and, first of all, the systemically important industry - grain production. The presence of vast territories with different natural and climatic conditions requires an economic assessment of industry development trends and sustainability indicators both for the country as a whole and by territory. In this connection, using statistical and econometric research methods in the context of federal districts and the country as a whole for 2003-2022. trends in changes in production indicators of the grain industry, levels of fluctuation of these indicators and indicators of growth in grain production were quantitatively assessed. On this basis, conclusions were drawn about the sustainability of grain production in the Russian Federation and in individual federal districts. The current trends had a positive impact on the level of self-sufficiency of the country in grain, its growth in 2013-2022. stable, the calculated stability index is close to one. Based on trends in indicators for 2017-2022. a forecast for the development of the grain industry for 2024-2026 was given. The current stable trends in the levels of production and self-sufficiency of the Russian Federation in grain allow us to speak about the efficiency of the economic sector.
It has been established that the reduction in the population living in rural areas is steadily accompanied by a reduction in the number of rural settlements. The emphasis is placed on the fact that the sharpest decline in the number of rural residents was observed from 2014 to 2021. The main reasons contributing to the outflow of rural residents to the city have been identified. The most significant include: level of income and employment, accessibility of medical care, level of education, improvement of housing, availability of cultural institutions, accessibility and quality of the transport system, communications, etc. The analysis showed that wages in agriculture are lower than in other sectors; the unemployment rate, on the contrary, is higher than in the city. As a result of the restructuring of the healthcare system, there was a significant reduction in the number of district and district hospitals, the closure of which led to a sharp deterioration in the availability of medical care, and the lack of paved roads in a significant proportion of settlements only aggravated this problem. Reforms in the education system have led to a significant reduction in rural schools over the past twenty years by more than 50%. The improvement of housing in rural settlements is much worse than in urban ones: only 41.1% of residential premises are simultaneously equipped with running water, sewerage, heating, hot water supply, gas or floor electric stoves. The social infrastructure of rural settlements has been largely lost. The measures taken by the state to revive villages have not yet made it possible to comprehensively solve existing problems.
The formation of a mechanism for realizing the economic interests of the rural population is one of the key tasks of managing the development of rural areas, and the effectiveness of its functioning is largely determined by the quality of the information support system. The information support system is considered as a complex of information resources and services that implement the functions of collecting, transmitting, processing, storing, searching and issuing information necessary to meet the information needs of users. The current level of development of digital technologies allows us to talk about the digital transformation of the information support system based on its transformation into a digital twin of the control object. The digital twin of a management object (rural territories of various localization levels as a space for the realization of economic interests) is a complex of ontological, informational, mathematical and computer models that adequately describe the structure of the modeled object, the relationship between structural elements, a set of conditions and factors influencing the development of the managed object, as well as the tools for their implementation. The creation of a digital twin is the main direction of modernization of the information support system for the mechanism of realization of the interests of the rural population, and the procedure for moving to a new level of its organization can be implemented through the development of computer models of individual elements of the mechanism with subsequent integration into a single information support system based on a universal digital platform that ensures compatibility of software tools for the implementation of various types of mathematical models.
The article examines the trends in the formation and development of economic relations between the member countries of the single market of agricultural products in retrospect and in the medium term. In dynamics over the past 8 years, indicators of commodity output of agricultural products have been studied; leading countries and outsiders have been identified from the position of the sectoral effect of the agricultural sector of the Eurasian Economic Union. The author studies the results of financing the agricultural sector of the Russian economy as the main player in the single agricultural market, and presents comparative estimates with state financial support for the development of the agricultural economy of the Republic of Belarus. The role of budgetary financing of the agricultural sector of the economy is noted, taking into account new needs in the production of organic products. Based on the identification of risks and potential barriers in the development of the agricultural economy in the EAEU member states, the article systematizes recommendations for ensuring the sustainability of the functioning of the agricultural sector of the single agricultural market by solving the problems of greening production and landscaping of industrial parks and territories. As a result of substantiation of forecast decisions on recommended measures for the sustainability of the development of the agrarian economy in the EAEU member states, the article provides statistical figures reflecting the state of agricultural production and export potential.
The article, based on an analysis of policy documents and an assessment of the development of the Union State of Russia and Belarus in the field of ensuring its food security, outlines conceptual approaches on the main directions of the formation of a unified agricultural policy within of the Union and the possibility of achieving collective food security. Since the key task of the development of the Union State is to reliable provision of food security of the two countries, a common agricultural policy should play an important role in its solution. Their simultaneous and phased formation is possible using effective organizational and economic measures and mechanisms that provide for an optimal combination of market self-regulation and government influence on the production, exchange, distribution and consumption of agricultural and food products. At the same time, the agricultural sphere of the economy is the basis not only for ensuring food security in each of the Union states, but also for their socio-economic development. In this regard, it can be considered that ensuring the food security of the Union State contributes to a more active formation of its unified agrarian policy. In the context of the continuing increase in sanctions pressure on Russia and Belarus and the carrying out special military operation, it is important to adjust and coordinate organizational and economic measures and existing mechanisms aimed at achieving collective food security of the Union State.