The dominant trend in the development of the material and technical base of agricultural producers is significant reduction in the machinery and tractor fleet at a relatively low rate of renewal, which led to the decrease in the level of provision with basic types of equipment and energy supply. Despite the drop in the level of equipment availability, agricultural producers of the Russian Federation were able to significantly increase the productivity of all major agricultural crops. Since the beginning of the 2000s, livestock production has witnessed the rapid development of pig and poultry farming, which has exceeded the pre-reform volumes of pork and poultry meat production. The growth of state support for livestock farming allowed of significant increase in the productivity of cattle, but its growth did not compensate for the reduction in livestock. In developing the country's livestock breeding development strategy, the priority was given to the development of large-scale production and the construction of large complexes and mega-farms, involving the concentration of livestock and poultry with high genetic potential and the use of innovative technologies for farm animal management. The key tasks of modernizing the technical and technological basis of livestock farming were to create integrated conditions for the introduction of innovative technologies, primarily through the construction of new and reconstruction of existing premises, the acquisition of modern systems of machinery and equipment, the formation of a stable forage base, and the increase of the genetic and productive potential of livestock and poultry.
The state and development of agriculture reflects the general level of food security in the country, and directly affects the standard of living of the population. The problems associated with the agricultural industry in Russia are systemic and affect the interests of the state as a whole. In the context of multifactorial development of the agricultural sector, it is important to constantly analyze the conditions that affect the occurrence of risks in the economic activity of the industry. For a comprehensive accounting of risk factors in agriculture, it is necessary to rely on the industry classification of risks. In a modern economy, risks are present in any economic activity. In the decision-making process in risk management issues, it is necessary to understand the characteristic features of the occurrence of risk factors, to analyze and systematize the most significant risks of the agricultural industry.
Currently, the transition of agriculture to digital technology is underway. The digital transformation of agriculture significantly changes the process of formation of labour resources of the agricultural sector of the economy. And this, in turn, entails the need to adapt the existing staffing mechanism of the agro-industrial complex sectors to new challenges. The digital transformation of agriculture will increase the creative component of labour, due to the implementation of monotonous, dangerous and routine work using digital technologies; however, this will require greater mobility, flexibility and competencies in interacting with robots and artificial intelligence technologies with labour resources. This article is devoted to the development of the organizational and economic mechanism for the formation of agricultural labour resources in the context of the development of digital technologies. In order to concretize the conceptual-categorical apparatus, the dialectic and abstract-logical methods were used, while illuminating the views of scientists on the problem under study, a monographic method was used. The structure of the organizational and economic mechanism aimed at the formation of the agricultural labour force in the context of digital transformation has been developed. The main blocks of this mechanism include: targeted, organizational - economic, motivational, retraining and training. This organizational and economic mechanism will contribute to the formation of agricultural labour resources, capable of mastering digital technologies. In accordance with the target block, it is assumed that by 2021 the number of jobs related to information technology, processing large amounts of data and cyber physical systems (Internet of things) in agriculture should be at least 8‰, and by 2024 at least 20‰, at 1‰ of these places at present. The digital transformation of the industry will increase the motivation of citizens to realize their labour force in agriculture by reducing the level of occupational injuries and occupational diseases, reducing the severity and monotony of labour, and increasing wages due to the polarization effect.
The relevance of the problem is predetermined, first, by the significant role of dairy cattle breeding in achieving the established parameters of the food security Doctrine of the Russian Federation. Secondly, there is an importance of those specific changes that will determine the trajectory of the industry's development in the regional aspect. Moreover, special attention should be paid to regions that have a number of advantages in terms of agro biological and natural-climatic potential. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to study the territorial characteristics of the dynamics of milk production in the North-West, due to the fact that this region has the necessary areas of land resources suitable for the production of feed, as well as high-quality breeding herd of cows and modern innovative technologies. The study analyzes the dynamics of resources and use of milk and milk products in the Russian's subjects of the Northwest Federal district identified trends in size of production and consumption of milk and dairy products per capita, the structure of milk production in the region, the growth rate of milk production, livestock and productivity of the cows in the territorial aspect. It is shown that at the current level of demand and supply of milk and dairy products at the expense of local production in the food market of the north-western Federal district, they do not meet the recommended medical standards of 325 kg per capita, being lower: on demand by 20‰, and on offer-by 59‰.
Fish and fish products are among the top three agricultural exports in Russia (along with grains and oilseeds). The Far East is the main region in the Russian Federation for the production of fish and other aquatic biological resources. In accordance with the objectives of the Federal project "Export of agricultural products", the far Eastern Federal district should increase the export of aquatic biological resources (ABR), including fish, to 1338 million us dollars by 2024. The article considers the indicators of production and export of ABR of the fishing complex of the far Eastern Federal district, as well as the Kamchatka territory, Primorye territory and Sakhalin region included in it, the problems that hinder its effective development, directions and measures to solve existing problems. The main negative factors are related to infrastructural shortcomings - physical and moral wear and tear of the fishing fleet, the lack of modern processing capacity, which does not allow producing products with high added value in the proper volume, as well as insufficient provision of qualified personnel. For development of the sector and resolve the issues constraining the growth of production and export capacity in the subjects of FEFD government programs that promote investment activity, the construction of the necessary fishing fleet and infrastructure facilities, modernization of existing facilities.
Evaluation of innovation development of sub-sectors is the basis for development of strategy for their further development. The article considers the main stages of the method of evaluation of innovative development - typologization of regions ranking and determination of the integral indicator of innovative development, construction of diffusion curves, and development of further strategy of innovative development for organizations of beet sugar sub-complex. Factors influencing innovative development - organizational (size, organizational and legal form of organizations, holding relations) and financial (profitability of sugar and sugar beet production, share of management and commercial expenses of organizations, financial condition, size of investments in modernization and reconstruction) were also analyzed.
Despite the globalisation of the world, ethnic issues have recently become more and more popular not only among historians, ethnographers, but also among economists. There is world's growing demand for ethnic tour, ethno culture, the ethnic music, ethno sectarian, rapidly developing ethnic fashion and ethno dizayn. At the same time, the state of the modern Russian village in most regions leaves much to be desired, although it is the village that is the main guardian of the customs and traditions of the peoples living on the territory of the Russian Federation. Given the huge ethnic and economic potential of multinational Russia and the growing demand for ethnic products, the development of ethnic entrepreneurship can now become one of the "growth points" of the country's rural economy. The article analyzes foreign and Russian regions' experience in preserving and reviving ethno economics industries on a new market basis. The article outlines promising forms and directions of ethnic entrepreneurship in the field of food production in relation to specific cities and municipal districts of the Republic of Bashkortostan. In the study, given the extant skills of the indigenous Bashkir population of the South-Eastern districts of Bashkortostan in the production of national products, stable demand growth in Russia and in the world to a healthy functional food, the expediency of organizational and financial support primarily the production and sale of ethnic food products, including those certified by the standards of "Halal".
The research topic is relevant due to the fact that in recent years, the state’s non-economic policy has changed significantly. The challenges faced by our country have become a background for improving the current system of measures to promote competition in commodity markets. The authors studied the composition of measures to promote the development of commodity markets related to the agricultural sector in the regions of the Siberian Federal District. The study showed that there are significant differences in the priority markets among the regions. Conclusions are drawn about the need to shift the focus towards innovative technology markets, digitalization and deep processing of agricultural products, which will contribute to the development of competition in commodity markets and increase the competitiveness of the agricultural sector.
The type of production behaviour of regional producers of crop production is considered in the article as a combination of stable trends in the extensive and intensive factors that determine the volume of production, formed under the influence of a complex of soil-climatic, socio-economic conditions of management, and observed over a certain period of time. A retrospective analysis for 1995-2015, inclusive of linear trends in the dynamics of gross harvests of agricultural crops, combined with the dynamics of extensive (rate of change in sown area) and intensive (rate of change in yield) factors in the crop production regions shows the presence and preservation of 3 most common types production behaviour of regional agri-food systems: 1) expanded intensification of production; 2) intensification without increasing scale; 3) a decrease in the scale of production, not offset by its technological re-equipment. The type of production behaviour, acting as the initial conditions, can undergo transformation in connection with the predicted dynamics of climate change. The methods of such transformation by solving the corresponding extreme problems are considered.
Grain and leguminous crops yield forecasting model in the Russian region in a changing climate is presented in the article. The forecast is given for the short-term medium-term and long-term period. The model is given by the linear regression equation, in which variables are such climatic indicators as: the sum of daily precipitation in the region from April to August and the sum of average monthly temperatures for the same period. The regression equation is composed of statistical data for the Tambov region from 1995 to 2018. The climate forecasting data such as average monthly air temperature and average monthly daily precipitation in the region obtained from the INM-CM4 Russian Sciences Academy Computational Mathematics Institute climate model were used to calculate the short-term, medium-term and long-term forecast. The scheme for converting climate modeling data from the CMIP6 models complex format into the office data processing format is given in this article. The result of the work is a short-term forecast of the yield of grain and leguminous crops in the Tambov region for the next 3 years: 2019 -2021 and long-term forecast for 2030, 2040, 2050, and 2100. Studies have predicted a decrease in the yield of cereals and leguminous in the Tambov region before the end of the 21st century by an average of 24‰ under the influence of a changing climate. In conclusion, a recommendation is made on the expansion of reclaimed land in the region.