In article the main requirements imposed by a fiber flax to cultivation conditions are stated, an assessment is given to the developed placement of a flax production on regions and farms of the country, top trends of its development are revealed, the production efficiency of a flax fiber and flax seeds is reflected, the main reasons for unprofitability of a flax production and poor quality of its products and its competitiveness are opened. To develop flax farming in the country as the basis for the effective functioning of its linen complex, it is necessary to develop a subprogramme for the development of the linen complex of the country; include flax farming in the list of promising economic specializations of flax-bearing regions of the non-Black Earth region; concentrate the production of flax products mainly in regions with more favourable soil and climatic conditions for cultivating this crop; To create interregional cross-sectoral clusters for the cultivation of flax and deep processing of flax fiber; increase government support for flax farming; To organize an all-Russian centre for training and advanced training of personnel for enterprises of the linen complex of the country.
In ten leading corn-growing regions of the country (Top-10), the levels of planting and specialization of corn grain production in 2019 are determined, as well as changes in them over two years. The balance of production and use of corn grains in the current 2019/20 agricultural year is shown. The relevance of the study lies in the systematization of the main strategic areas, including those set out in the Long-Term Strategy for the Development of the Grain Complex of the Russian Federation until 2035, which contribute to an increase in gross harvests of corn grain and an increase in export potential, including due to increased placement and specialization. The purpose of the study was to analyze the current state and prospects for the placement and specialization of maize grain production in the grain-producing regions of the country and systematize various factors and main areas that contribute to their growth. The results and key conclusions of the study are strategic directions and proposals for the development of planting and specialization of maize grain production, both in the existing grain wedge of the country and at the expense of new regions with favourable natural and economic conditions, increasing its yield, introducing innovations and other measures.
The article discusses the nature and characteristics of agricultural insurance with state support in Russia and the United States. Comparison of agricultural insurance programs with state support in both countries is carried out for the main comparable types of crops. In Russia, agricultural insurance programs are aimed primarily at reimbursing the costs of cultivating crops (for perennial crops and fodder crops), as well as fixing the selling price for a particular crop. In the United States, agricultural insurance programs are primarily aimed not at reimbursing the costs of agricultural producers, but at reimbursing lost revenue as a result of natural hazards. The introduction of a wider range of insurance instruments with state support into the practice of state regulation of the agricultural sector of the Russian economy, according to the experience of the United States, in the context of the expansion of Russian agricultural exports and a corresponding increase in entrepreneurial risks, is an urgent need.
The relevance of this problem is due to the need to identify the main trends in Russia's participation in international trade in citrus fruits in 2002-2019. In the period of the Russian Empire, citrus fruits were imported in insignificant volumes, were unknown and inaccessible to the bulk of the population. At the turn of the 19th-20th centuries, the first industrial gardens of some citrus crops appeared in the country. In the Soviet Union, the production volumes of a number of citrus fruits, such as tangerines and lemons, were gradually increasing, but their availability for an ordinary citizen of the country, primarily a city dweller, is associated with their import rates, which especially increased in the 70-80s of the last century. After the collapse of the USSR, given the emergence of new independent states, the volumes of foreign deliveries of these fruits to Russia increased. However, their growth in the 90s was limited by the declining solvency of the population. Nevertheless, in retail, grapefruits, limes, and pomelo are relatively “new” for consumers. In the period 2002-2019. The participation of the Russian Federation in the international trade in citrus fruits is mainly in their import, although there are insignificant export deliveries to some neighboring countries: Belarus, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan.
Pandemic made us look differently at the globalization of world economy and significance of independence of national states in the provision of population with vital goods. Measures taken for the protection from the spread of coronavirus led to the break of the chains of agricultural production and food promotion between the countries. In these conditions, the significance of independence in food provision increases. At present time the agro food policy of Russia is directed to the achievement of food self-production of the country. However, food self-production of the country is not identical to the food independence. Level of the self-production reflects the actual demand in agricultural production, raw materials and food, taking into account personal consumption according to the norms of rational nutrition. Independence achievement in the food provision predetermines the choice of optimal solutions in issues of import and export in conditions of economic and food crises. Russia hasn’t managed to carry out total import substitution in food provision; however, the dependency on the food import has decreased significance. Besides, it’s necessary to increase not the grain export but the products of its processing. In conditions of economic crises, the significance of population’s economy contributions in the forming of food resource increases. Self-provision with food will allow decreasing of negative influence of the decrease of economical availability of the food.
Regional development is one of the most important factors related to the country's development trends and related to strategic national priorities. In the context of the imperatives of the regional development strategy, the integrity of the social and economic foundations of existence determines its most important essence as an object of management. Today, the meso- level of the economy is an important structural component in the effective economic development of the state and its successful representation in the system of interregional and international division of labour. At the same time, the study of current competitive positions in key industries of specialization for the Rostov region is characterized by a significant relevance of research and assessment of regional development and industry dynamics. The basis of the practical significance of the article is a set of recommendations that allow forming a system of promising development directions in various areas of the region's economy, making decisions on key issues of the development of the economic complex of the Rostov region and its elements.
The article presents the author’s vision of the composition of the national innovation system for the agricultural sector of Russia. The proposed innovation system should contribute to the creation of more technically excellent equipment of domestic production used in agriculture. It is realized through the formation of the national agrarian consortium. On the level of theory and methodology, the basis of the consortium is the triple helix innovation model and the system of systems principle. The establishment of the national agrarian consortium involves the voluntary participation of interested organizations of three institutional sectors - agricultural science, business, and government. The main task of the consortium is to provide favourable conditions for innovation activities in the agricultural sector. The article provides a list of questions addressed by the consortium: determining the most important and priority issues of basic and applied research, developing a forecast and strategy for the technological development of agriculture in Russia, creating an effective system of commercialization of scientific ideas in the field of agriculture, etc. Ultimately, the activities of the consortium are directed to achieve technical excellence in the agricultural sector and obtain the competitive advantage by Russian agricultural companies relative to foreign ones. The formation of the all-Russian innovation system in the agricultural sector based on the national agrarian consortium will also lead to increased entrepreneurship in the institutional sectors of science, business, and government.
The prospects for the development of agriculture in Russia through the use of the digital economy in the transfer of technologies are determined. It is established that in order to improve the financial and economic results of agricultural production of economic entities, it is advisable to use new technologies, including as a method of agricultural land use, carried out in a single digital space. In modern economic conditions, there are objective prerequisites for the development of environmentally friendly agriculture by agricultural producers, and its implementation by Executive authorities and management of the agro-industrial complex. The subject of the study is the organizational and economic processes associated with the transfer of technologies, namely, the transformation of part of agricultural production in an environmentally friendly way, through the use of digital economy tools. The scientific novelty of the study is to identify problems and develop directions for technology transfer, development of organic agriculture, and determine the composition of costs associated with technology transfer in the transition to environmentally friendly agriculture. Solving this issue will ensure the formation of effective agricultural production while maintaining the production potential of the industry in the context of existing organizational and economic problems. The practical significance of the results obtained is determined by the fact that the tools proposed in the article for regulating technology transfer in agriculture are appropriate for practical use and will ensure the improvement of the existing structure of the market for agricultural products in the production of environmentally friendly products in a single digital space.
The problem of the payback of subsidies in agriculture through mandatory payments to the country's budget system is rising. It is shown that the secondary importance of this problem for the state is due to the socio-economic significance of the industry for society and the erroneous opinion about the low budgetary efficiency of allocations in agricultural production. The methodology for assessing the effectiveness of the use of state support funds from the position of the state financial system is justified. Based on the analysis, it was revealed that when creating favourable conditions for the development of producers, not only the prerequisites for ensuring food security and preserving rural areas are formed, but also the return of funds through mandatory payments to the budget and extra budgetary funds. With the help of advanced models, the optimal ratio of the return on subsidies and the profitability of production costs were revealed, taking into account the conditions of simple and extended reproduction of resources without losing the cost of budget investments. The significance of the research results lies in the revealing possibilities of planning the efficiency of using the funds attracted in the production of agricultural products both for the agricultural business and for the state.
To fully meet the needs of the region’s population for food, ensure food security, it is necessary to ensure expanded reproduction in the agricultural sector, but the lack of financial resources leads to insufficient updating of the material and technical base, which has a high degree of moral and physical depreciation, which does not allow the production of necessary volume. Reducing the profitability of agricultural organizations, including due to imbalances between the prices of resources and manufactured products, and insufficient government support, reduce the volume of purchased equipment. As a result of the reduction in the number of tractors, grain, forage harvesting and agricultural machines, the technological load per unit of equipment has significantly increased, which leads to an increase in the time for tillage, sowing and harvesting, and, consequently, to a decrease in yield and the efficiency of agricultural production. Based on statistical data on agriculture in the Irkutsk region, including agricultural organizations, the Siberian Federal District and Russia as a whole, the dynamics of a decrease in the availability of agricultural equipment is shown and the need to develop measures to increase the profitability of organizations and state support for the development of the material and technical base is substantiated Agriculture.