The object of research is the processes of managing the efficiency of the cultivation of grain crops. The purpose of the research is to develop a method that allows agro-technologies to manage the efficiency of grain crops cultivation. Analysis of the data obtained. For the integrated indicator of the efficiency of farming - yield, as a random variable, it is convenient to use B - distribution. The cost function has been determined, with random values corresponding to the costs obtained in the work for the conditions of irrigated agriculture [5]. For the synthesis of three levels of intensity of agricultural technologies recommended by the Siberian Research Institute of Agriculture of the Siberian Federal Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, and the specified output indicators of the efficiency of cultivation of grain crops in dry farming, a simple algorithm is proposed that takes into account the specifics of the problems that arise. The algorithm is based on the methodological provisions of the presentation of agricultural technologies as nonlinear, non-stationary processes, the identification of which is carried out by linear approximation. All applied technologies must be cost-effective. Scientific novelty lies in the substantiation of algorithms for calculating and obtaining generalized parameters of agricultural technologies with random values. For the first time, a grapho-analytical method is proposed as a method for the synthesis of agricultural technologies for the cultivation of grain crops, which makes it possible to design, select and adapt agricultural technologies as a whole. Solving the problem of increasing the efficiency of cultivation of grain crops, on the basis of agricultural technologies, as a whole, makes it possible to more purposefully select technological processes that require their modernization.
Vegetables are one of the most important food items for humans. Imports to Russia of goods from the "vegetables" group for 2018 amounted to $1.85 billion, with a total weight of 2452 thousand tons, for 2019 - $1.82 billion, with a total weight of 2163 thousand tons. The largest share in the export structure is dried peas. The article on the basis of the consolidated accounting integrity of agricultural organizations for 2018 analyzes the structure of costs for the production of seed crops of vegetable crops. The cost structure is dominated by material and other costs. The margin analysis showed a high proportion of constant costs in the production of onion seeds and carrot seeds.
Purpose of the study is to determine the specialization of agriculture in municipal areas. Object of research is agriculture of municipalities of the Republic of Bashkortostan. The work was carried out on the basis of the application of general scientific research methods within the framework of comparative, logical, statistical analysis, as well as using the analysis of structure and dynamics, graphic interpretation of the results. As a result of a complex grouping by the specific weight of marketable agricultural products by municipal districts and the level of production of goods on a regional scale, as well as by the dynamics of production, the branches of agricultural specialization by municipalities were determined. The methodology for determining the branches of specialization of municipal districts of the region is presented not only on the basis of the structure of commercial products, but also using the BCG matrix. Many areas of animal husbandry specialize in breeding cattle and pigs, plant growing, areas specializing in growing cereals, potatoes and vegetables. A cartographic profile of the specialization of agriculture in municipal areas has been built. This method of determining specialization is recommended to be used when developing state development programs with an emphasis on the concept of developing specialization and concentration.
The article analyses the development and quality of local roads, the main part of which are roads connecting rural settlements with each other and with the network of public roads of the region, considers the dynamics of the proportion of rural settlements in transport isolation, the differentiation of the availability of rural settlements with access roads depending on the population of the settlement. The typology of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation on the provision of rural settlements with access roads is given. The prospects for the development of rural road infrastructure outlined in the strategic and program documents were considered, measures were proposed to increase investment activity in the development of a network of roads in rural areas.
The article analyzes the current situation in rural health care, raises the problem of access to medical infrastructure for the rural population. A comparative analysis of the provision of rural and urban population with medical services is provided. The structure of the National project "health care" in the context of Federal projects, taking into account their refraction on rural territories, is analyzed. An assessment is made of the possibility of rural residents fulfilling the goals set by the President of the Russian Federation in the decree "on national goals and strategic development goals of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2024". Based on statistical data, the main problem areas of rural health are identified. The assessment of health care financing in General, as well as financial support for activities carried out in rural areas within the framework of the Federal project "Development of the primary health care system" is given. It is concluded that without a significant increase in funding that allows not only to perform quantitative indicators (to make up for lost primary care facilities), but also to improve the quality and timeliness of services provided, rural health will not be able to ensure that rural residents achieve the target indicators.
Here under it is suggested to view the model of agro-industrial integration development as a way of organization of inter-sectoral and inter-subject interactions of the agro-food complex elements, objectively arising in the process of formation and maintaining technological, economic, and organizational ties between the links of value chains and within them. The key laws are identified that have a significant impact on understanding the prospects and opportunities for the development of integration of producers and processors of agricultural products. A set of methodological provisions related to the substantiation of an advanced model for the development of integration relations in the regional agro-food complex is proposed. It is noted that the advanced model of agro-industrial integration should be focused on creating conditions for overcoming both inter-sectoral imbalances and incoherence, and other economic pathologies at the level of individual links of technological chains, and also take into account the development trends of the agro-food complex and the most likely directions of its structural and functional modernization. The quality of this model is determined by its ability to ensure the systemic balance of the entire complex of technological chains that form the agro-food complex at the regional level. It is concluded that the development model of agro-industrial integration is a kind of projection of the model of the agro-food complex development, in which special attention is paid to the mechanisms of integration interactions that ensure the stability of organizational, economic, and technological links between elements of agro-food systems of different levels, and the existing trajectory of the development of agro-industrial integration, creates objective prerequisites for initiating the processes of transition to a cluster model of integration interactions of subjects of the regional agro-food complex. The description of the main essential characteristics of the cluster model for the development of agro-industrial integration is presented.
Today, Russia's presence on world markets determines its attitude to export potential as a measure of the competitiveness of manufactured products. The basis of a country's competitive advantages in the production of a certain type of product depends on the following factors: the availability and nature of demand for manufactured products in the domestic market; the existence of industries that supply internationally competitive resources in the country; and the conditions for the development of production; availability of conditions for the creation and organization of production and the intensity of competition. The systemic nature of these factors contributes to the emergence of an environment that leads to an increase in the competitiveness of agricultural products and food. Russia has strengthened its competitive position in its traditional markets, and positive trends have emerged based on short-term factors such as the food embargo, the devaluation of the rouble, and increased state support for agricultural producers. The dynamic changes taking place in both the global and national food markets require in-depth study. The article considers and suggests various methods that can be used to one extent or another to assess the competitiveness of agri-food products on the world market and be one of the priority areas for expanding Russia's participation in international food trade, the formation of long-term factors of competitiveness growth.
Seven main factors of the national food systems resilience have been identified. Two of these factors - the diversity of agricultural production and the “smart management” of the connectivity (interdependency) of national food systems are used to assess the impact of international trade on their resilience. The diversity in the delivery of animal food, as well as vegetables and fruits, has increased for a significant part of the world's population, with the exception within the main exporting countries, where it has decreased. Increased import dependence and a reduction in the number of importers indicate a potential vulnerability to socio-economic and climate-natural shocks in globally closely interconnected and interdependent national food systems. The COVID-19 pandemic has already led to cascading shock changes in both the global food system and global food trade, resulting in malnutrition and hunger in several developing countries.
The article is dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the Federal Scientific Center for Vegetable Production, one of the oldest breeding institutions for working with vegetable crops, whose activities began with the formation of the Gribov breeding experimental station in the 1920s. The Federal Scientific Center for Vegetable Production was formed in 2017 by reorganizing the All-Russian Research Institute for the Selection and Seed Production of Vegetable Crops and joining seven scientific institutions. An important task of the FGBNU FNZO is an operational response to requests for practice. The FSBNU FNZO carries out budgetary and contractual research. The long-term development strategy of the Center is aimed at preserving and strengthening leading positions in the field of selection, seed production and agricultural technologies of vegetable crops.
The results of scientific work and experience of the FSBSI “Central Scientific Agricultural Library” (CSAL) in including authoritye data in the information resources in the form of an in-house generation database “Authority file of names of scientific institutions of the AIC” have been considered. The use of authority data as an open multi-functional resource allows organizing new forms and methods of information service of users. The results of research for updating and replenishing the content of authority data on names of scientific institutions of the AIC, on developing the user services and improving the search in the information resources are presented. It is noted that the dynamics of reforming the scientific institutions requires for ongoing monitoring and updating the authority data. The updating of the content comprised checking and revising the authority records, logging on to other records and information resources. The works for improving the representation of reference information on scientific institutions in the database are described. A new option “Official name” has been formed as a search element in which a form of an institution’s name indicated in the statutory documents is given for the functioning scientific institutions. The formation and use of authority data in the specialized information-retrieval system promotes integrating the CSAL information resources thereby widening choices of users as to the access to the bibliographic and full-text resources. In 2020 the database is replenished with the names of the AIC scientific institutions in the scope of 70 authority records for 25 scientific institutions in agriculture, forestry, fishing industry, water economy and reclamation, plant and animal protection.