The production of open-ground vegetables has good prospects in the future, which is due to the growth of effective demand for products, the orientation of the population on proper nutrition, which, of course, will contribute to the introduction of innovative technologies and biotechnologies in the activities of all categories of producers. The introduction of the food embargo served as a kind of impetus for the development of the sub-sector, increasing the volume of production by domestic producers. Certain results have been achieved, but the issue of self-sufficiency in vegetable products has not been resolved. Using theoretical and empirical research methods, the authors identified a positive trend in the development of the sub-sector as a whole in the Russian Federation and in particular agricultural enterprises of the Moscow region. Modern production is focused on intensive technologies, biotechnologies, resource conservation, increasing not only quantitative, but primarily qualitative indicators of products. Investments in the industry are insufficient, despite the strengthening of state support. The level of profitability of the production of vegetables of large and small producers is in the range of 20-30‰. The main factors of the efficiency of vegetable cultivation (yield, product quality, production costs) are considered. The characteristic of intensive technology of growing vegetables in the open ground is presented. The transition to an adapted biologized model of growing vegetables, which contains reasonable environmental and economic aspects, is proposed. Directions of this model: building competent plant protection, restoring soil fertility through working with crop residues, effective use of mineral fertilizers. Such an innovative technology makes it possible, in the conditions of insufficient financing of the sub-sector, in the short term to raise the profitability of vegetable farms to a level above 50‰.
The leading positions of the poultry industry are due to the presence of the aggregate innovative potential in the field of keeping, growing, feeding and producing the corresponding products. However, it is not fully used, which has an impact on the conquest of the relevant target markets. Research of the market of eggs and products of their processing from the standpoint of self-sufficiency by region, as well as its export potential, indicates the presence of target niches and mechanisms for filling them. The analytics of the assortment portfolio of the target egg market is presented, with an emphasis on the need to process them in much larger volumes. These conclusions are also confirmed by the results of analytics and the calculation of the market conditions index. The systematization of the results of the analytical study made it possible to identify the main prospects for the development of the market of eggs and products of its processing until 2030. These include the equalization of egg consumption between regions, an increase in egg export volumes, an increase in the consumption rate of eggs and egg products in accordance with the leading countries in consumption, an increase in the production of organic products and products with desired properties, an increase in the market share of eggs and their processing products from other types of poultry. This strategy for the development of the market of eggs and their processing products will allow both domestic producers and the state to orientate themselves in the volume of capital investments in the further development of the industry.
Horticulture in the Russian Federation is actively financed from the federal budget and has a high rate of development. State support plays a key role in the development of horticulture. Fruit orchards and berries are unevenly placed in the country, depending on the nature and climate conditions of the regions, they grow those types of fruits and berries that are adapted to it. Tambov region is favourable in order to actively develop horticulture and has the highest natural fertility not only in Russia, but also in the world. Industrial fruit farming is a capital-intensive branch of agriculture, the effectiveness of which is achieved through the use of innovative technologies for production, storage and processing. In this regard, today it is possible to call relevant methods aimed at reducing costs, reducing manual labour, increasing yields and accelerating import substitution in this area.
The article discusses the problem of assessing the impact of long-term climatic changes on the yield and gross production of major grain crops in the regions of Russia. An estimate is given of the ten-year average gross harvests of such grain crops as wheat, rye, corn, oats, barley, buckwheat, sorghum, triticale for the forecast period up to 2100. Estimated values of cereal crops production were obtained for two climatic scenarios - the baseline scenario, which provides for the preservation of unchanged characteristics of climatic dynamics and volumes of greenhouse gas emissions, and the scenario with some adaptation measures to climate change.
This article analyses the modern economic and social development of rural areas and their role in providing food for the population of the country. On the basis of the study, conclusions were drawn on the insufficient involvement of households of the population in commercial turnover, the degree of satisfaction of residents of rural areas with various areas of life support, and the level of development of productive agricultural infrastructure. The main directions of involvement of households of the population in the production and commodity turnover of agricultural products, the directions of participation in state programs of rural development and agro-industrial complex, the possibility of participation in the formation of social security through the development of rural territories on the principles of balanced rural settlements are determined. The Bioecopolis project is a well-founded structure of agro-settlement with the necessary public structures and infrastructure, which conducts efficient closed-loop economic activities with bioprocessing of organic wastes of the residential zone and agricultural production, uses renewable energy sources in its activities, providing itself with food, heat, electricity, gas, bioenergy and other products.
Modern agriculture in industrially developed countries actively applies various forms of machine use, designed for individual financial capabilities of agricultural organizations. Despite the variety of forms of machine use, each of them has a number of features when servicing large or small forms of management. The main problem of developed countries in the transfer of equipment for rent is the lack of guarantees for the safety of expensive equipment. In addition to ensuring the safety of equipment, each organization that provides mechanized services in different countries solves the issue of raising funds for the purchase of agricultural equipment, where the process of state support for the development of agriculture is of particular importance. The authors highlight the advantages of sharing equipment in agriculture and highlight the most vulnerable forms of machine use that are not widespread in developed countries.
Currently, the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) includes five countries: Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Russia. The deepening of cooperation between these states began to be carried out especially intensively over the past decade, including in connection with the complication of the geopolitical situation in the world, as well as the ambiguous situation with economic integration within the framework of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). Through interstate agreements, a single customs territory and economic space were formed, a number of supranational regulatory bodies function, and a coordinated economic policy is being pursued. Russia has the largest size of the consumer market, both in terms of population and income among the countries participating in the EAEU. It is also one of the world's largest importers of fruits, berries and nuts. In 2020, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) officially announced that 2021 will be the International Year of Fruit and Vegetables. Taking into account the crucial importance of fruit and berry products in the diet of a modern person, based on the use of data from national statistical bodies, trends in a number of indicators of the balance of resources and the use of fruits and berries in the Russian Federation, the Republic of Belarus and the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2011-2019 were considered.
The article analyzes the existing spatial development of agriculture in priority and border geostrategic regions of the country. In particular, it was noted that the division of Russian regions on the basis of promising and unpromising specialization of agro-industrial production and the fishery complex raises more questions than answers on the placement and specialization of agriculture. The situation is aggravated by the fact that the identification of priority and border geostrategic regions was carried out incorrectly; the issues of management of these territories are poorly developed, taking into account the peculiarities of their development. Therefore, in order to develop a strategy for the spatial development of agriculture in these territories, it is necessary: to determine the main strategic directions of the rational spatial organization of the industry and to form an effective management system for its spatial development; to increase the organizational role of the state in terms of coordinating the actions of federal, interregional and regional management bodies of the agro-industrial complex; observe the principle of priority of national interests over regional and local economic interests.
The problem of the impact of challenges on the development of domestic agriculture is considered as a barrier in solving national problems to strengthen the country's food security. A scientific review and synthesis of food-related challenges has been carried out, it has been proposed to classify the challenges by species, taking into account the nature of their occurrence, and the impact of each type of challenge on the physical and economic availability of products has been shown. Based on strategic analysis methods, risks from challenges are identified, which entail disrupting the balance of agricultural development and threatening the formation of aspects of food security. The findings of scientists about the low probability of eliminating problems from calls only on the basis of increasing resources are confirmed. The best strategic solutions are systematized, revealing the strengths and making it possible to realize the opportunities for the development of the industry to adequately respond to food challenges. It is noted that in the non-standard conditions of the development of the national economy (sanctions, anti-sanctions and the pandemic of coronavirus), the pressure of challenges on the country's food system is increasing and there is a need for fundamentally different additional support for producers and final consumers of products.
One of the key properties of effectively and steadily developing economic systems is their balance (proportionality). The dynamic nature of economic systems’ development and the variability of the environment of their functioning objectively determine the need for regular transition of those systems from one balanced (equilibrium) state to another within the framework of their reproduction and adaptation to changes in the external environment. In the context of this research, the balance is considered as a special case of the equilibrium of interacting elements, their special state, when the action of each of them on each other is equivalent from the standpoint of the optimal level of mutual influence. The structural and functional complexity of economic systems, the heterogeneity of the elements that form them, different rates of reproduction of elements, and adaptation to changes in the conditions of functioning create the prerequisites for the emergence of various kinds of imbalances that significantly limit the possibilities for the systems’ development. The main types of imbalances inherent in the agro-food systems of the regional level as a specific type of territorial-sectoral complexes are proposed to include: imbalances in the food supply system of the region, imbalances in food chains, resource imbalances in the regional system of agricultural and agro-industrial production; imbalances in the development of territories, imbalances in the development of industries, environmental imbalances. Maintaining the balance of agro-food systems can be ensured through the development and implementation of measures aimed at eliminating imbalances that affect the quality of their development. The activities substantiated in this paper reflect a range of specific strategic and tactical tasks, the solution of which should be provided for in the development programs of the regional agro-food complex, taking into account the balance of interests of its constituent entities.