Until recently, one of the biggest problems of the organic food market was the lack of legal norms for the production of «eco», «bio», organic products on the territory of the Russian Federation. Positioned as a «bio» product, in fact, it was not. Competing retailers sought to earn many times more, misleading consumers who need organic products, and at the same time discrediting a bona fide producer-eco-manager. In early August 2019, a decree was signed on the adoption of the law «On Organic Products and on Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation», which entered into force on January 1, 2020. The Russian Federation has all the necessary resources for the development of further agricultural production, including today's highly efficient production of organic products - these are long-term agricultural traditions, vast areas of agricultural land resources, as well as a relatively low level of intensification and chemicalization of agricultural production in comparison with industrialized countries. Sustainable development of rural areas of the region for the production and sale of organic products is becoming relevant and interrelated with the development of regional targeted programs to support and develop the agro-industrial complex of the Altai Territory.
The transformation processes that took place in the agricultural sector of the economy led to the creation of new production and legal forms of management. The changes in the organizational and legal forms of production in the Central Chernozem Region and the market transformation in agriculture have also changed its agricultural structure. The analysis of gross output in value terms by categories of farms allowed us to conclude that the structure changed rather erratically, there was an increase in the share of agricultural enterprises and a decrease in the share of personal subsidiary farms. Assessing the industry structure in the Central Chernozem region, it can be seen that the crop and livestock industries are almost represented in equal percentages. Considering the production indicators of crop production and animal husbandry, it can be seen that in the crop industry there was a significant increase in gross production for the main agricultural crops.
This article presents an analytical study to assess the provision of agriculture in the Russian Federation and the Republic of Bashkortostan with agricultural machinery. The authors revealed a sharp decline in the number of power machines and equipment in the agricultural sector of the economies. This problem requires immediate intervention and regulation of the quantitative and qualitative composition of agricultural machinery, and its optimal use. Therefore, the authors of the study propose to develop measures for the optimal use of available capacities and preservation of the existing fleet of agricultural machines.
The article presents the technology of forecasting grain balances for the short term at the Russia Federal and regional levels. The technology uses previously compiled forecasts of grain and leguminous crop yields in the Russian Federation regions and in Russia as a whole, as well as forecasts of sown areas for their production. In addition, the calculations use forecasts of the Russian Federation population, developed in Federal State Statistics Service and the Ministry of Economic Development. The technology predicts the production of grain and leguminous crops at the level of regions and the Russian Federation, the initial and final grain reserves at the beginning and end of the projected balance year, the consumption (use) of grain in the regions, including: production consumption, processing of grain for flour, cereals, feed and other types of processing, grain losses, personal consumption of grain by the population and final grain reserves. The unknown variables in the balance equation are the importation of grain to the regions, including imports, and the exportation of grain from the regions, including exports. The difference between these two variables at the level of the Russian Federation represents the annual export potential of grain in the Russian Federation, which is projected together with the annual volume of interregional grain transportation. The technology allows you to forecast grain balances in the short term for their further use in forecasting the routing and volume of grain transportation between the regions of the Russian Federation and for export.
The development of rural areas is one of the priorities of the modern policy of the Government of the Russian Federation. In 2003-2013, the federal target program "Social development of rural areas" was implemented, in 2014-2017 – the departmental program "Sustainable development of rural areas for the years and for the period up to 2020". On June 4, 2019, a new state program "Integrated Rural Development" for 2020-2025 was approved. In accordance with this and other federal programs, programs for the development of rural areas are also being developed at the level of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. In the Republic of Bashkortostan by the Decree of the Government of the Republic of Belarus No. 728 of December 12, 2019. The state program "Integrated development of rural territories of the Republic of Bashkortostan" was approved (as amended on December 8, 2020), which replaced the subprogram "Sustainable development of rural territories of the Republic of Belarus until 2020" of the state program "Development of agriculture and regulation of agricultural products, raw materials and food markets in the Republic of Belarus". In addition, two programs have been developed for the development of depressed areas of the North-East and Trans-Urals of the republic, mainly with agro-industrial specialization. This article analyzes the results of the implementation of one of them – the "Medium-term Comprehensive Program of economic Development of the Trans-Urals for 2011-2015", which was later extended until 2020, and now-until 2024. As a result of the study, the expediency of its adjustment and the inclusion of promising projects – new "points of growth" in relation to specific municipal areas, which are various areas of small and medium-sized businesses, tourism, agricultural production and consumer cooperation, is justified. The program includes proposals for the diversification of the rural economy, the development of ethnic entrepreneurship and ethnic cooperation, and ethnic brands of the Trans-Urals Region of the Republic of Bashkortostan.
Preserving and increasing the human potential of the rural population of the Russian Federation is one of the most pressing socio-economic problems of the Russian Federation, the solution of which at the state level is associated with the implementation of program provisions to improve the standard of living of the rural population, determined primarily by its income. The increasing differentiation of the standard of living of the urban and rural population of the Russian Federation actualizes the rethinking of the social agrarian policy, which should be aimed at increasing the income of the rural population as a factor of attractiveness of the agricultural regions of the country. This area of research requires a meaningful analysis of the indicators of stratification of the standard of living in the city and in the village by income. The aim of the author's research is to measure the standard of living in rural areas in comparison with the urban population of the country on the basis of income differentiation indicators in the context of "city-village". The work was carried out using such statistical methods as: comparison, analysis of dynamics indicators; the MS Excel application software package was used. The reasons for the problem of labour shortage in rural areas are substantiated. The analysis revealed an increased social differentiation of the urban and rural population by the level of income of the population and an acute problem of poverty and poverty of rural households. The decisive factor in overcoming the gap in the standard of living of the urban and rural population is the growth of wages of agricultural workers, which at the moment does not fulfil its main function – reproduction. It is revealed that the growth of income and living standards of the rural population, as the main indicator of socio-economic policy in the field of agriculture, does not meet the declared goals.
With the help of zoning of territories, it is possible to solve the issues of rational and efficient use of agricultural land. Purpose of the study: to carry out zoning of grain production on the territory of the Republic of Bashkortostan. The object of the research is the agriculture of the Republic of Bashkortostan. The subject of the research is grain-growing specialization. The work was carried out on the basis of the application of general scientific research methods within the framework of comparative, logical, statistical analysis and graphic interpretation of the results. Based on the grouping of municipal districts by the volume of grain production and by area for grain crops and their dynamics, competitive territories and a production reconstruction zone were identified. These territories have been designated as specialization zones. Also, zones with an average level of grain production were identified by types: territories of loss of leadership position, territories of multidirectional development, territories of promising development; and the zones in which the territories that are lagging behind in grain production are located: territories of unrealized development, unpromising development, depressed territories. In the central-western part of the Republic of Bashkortostan and in the Trans-Urals, there are municipal areas specializing in grain production. The possibilities for preserving the harvest for further use, transportation or processing in the zones of specialization of grain production of the republic were analyzed; it was revealed that the available capacities are not enough.
The most important in the context of three crises: climate, economic, and the crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic indicators of the food systems resilience are delineated. There are: “smart” management of food system elements and their interactions; regulation of changes caused by shock effects and elimination of their consequences; development of adaptive systems approaches and views. In 2020, in the context of a pandemic lockdown introduced in most EU countries, a system of horizontal links - the Community Agricultural Support Scheme (CSA) - became an important solution for small agribusiness. Using CSA to sell agricultural products directly through digitalization, European small-scale agricultural producers have demonstrated the high resilience of their food systems. Programs of support for small -sized agribusiness from the EU Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) have been analyzed. Despite a large number of EU programs and an increase in funding in 2020, assistance does not always reach farmers, and not in full amount. The pandemic has changed the paradigm of food systems resilience, adding to the goals of increasing productivity and addressing the food problem the importance of public health goal implementation.
The article analyzes the main changes in the agricultural policy of United Kingdom after leaving the European Union, describes the system of support for agriculture in United Kingdom, and identifies the main trends and prospects for trade in agricultural products, raw materials and food between Great Britain and the EU. When the United Kingdom leaves the European Union on 31 January 2020, after full ratification of the Withdrawal Agreement, we will enter into the transition period. The EU and the United Kingdom have conducted intensive negotiations to agree on the terms of the UK's withdrawal and create legal certainty once EU law ceases to apply to the UK. Throughout these negotiations, the European Commission has ensured an inclusive process, with regular meetings of the 27 EU Member States, as well as with the European Parliament and national parliaments. The result of the negotiations is the Agreement on the Withdrawal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community. After Brexit (and any transition phase) UK agriculture will be operating outside of the EU’s Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). This means that a new domestic agriculture policy is needed.
In the context of an aggravated geopolitical situation, the globalization of world food markets and the intellectualization of world agricultural science for Russia, a very urgent problem are to increase the level of competitiveness of the agricultural economy. The purpose of the study is to analyze the formation and development of world-class scientific centres (WCSC). The relevance of this study in the implementation of the national project "Science", which provides the generation of a larger number of qualitatively new scientific ideas within the framework of world-class scientific centres, is indicated. WCSC ensure the formation of an effective management system and synchronization of research, innovation, production and market launch of high-tech science-intensive products. Currently formed within the framework of the Consortium WCSC "Agrotechnologies of the Future", which includes 7 organizations? The activities of the WCSC are aimed at creating a leading position of Russian agricultural science in the world and implementing a comprehensive program of fundamental and exploratory research aimed at solving global problems in the field of agriculture and agricultural technologies. The problems that hinder the development of world-class scientific centres are identified.