In accordance with the Doctrine of Food Security, the availability of Russian seeds of agricultural crops should be at least 75%. The share of domestic soybean varieties in the State Register does not exceed 67% today, which indicates the presence of import dependence. Over a ten-year period, the acreage under soybeans increased 2.5 times and amounted to 3.7 million hectares by 2023, and the gross harvest increased 4.2 times and amounted to 6.7 million tons. According to forecasts of the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia, by 2024-2025, the gross soybean harvest should be increased to 7.5 million tons. In order to ensure further growth of these indicators, it is necessary to increase soybean production through the use of seeds of new domestic varieties. Domestic soybean breeding and seed production are concentrated in the central and Far Eastern regions. Over the period from 2013 to 2023, more than 120 soybean varieties were registered by state breeding scientific institutions. The largest state originator organizations are the Federal Research Center "All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Soybeans", the Federal Research Center "All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Oilseeds named after V.S. Pustovoita", Federal Research Center "Agrobiotechnology of the Far East named after A.K. Chaika". During the same period, commercial seed breeding organizations registered more than 40 varieties of soybeans, the leading positions are occupied by Soy Complex Company LLC, Russian Genetics LLC and EkoNiva-Seeds LLC. At the same time, about 80 varieties of soybeans of foreign selection were included in the State Register, the largest market share belongs to the companies Societe RAGT 2N S.A.S. (France), Semences Prograin INC (Canada), Institut za Ratarstvo i Povrtarstvo (Serbia). The development of the breeding and seed industry will be facilitated by strengthening the biotechnological direction and other modern methods of breeding in fundamental science, digitalization of the base of genetic resources, improvement of state support and legal regulation measures, creation of key breeding centers in the main geographical areas of co-sowing, adoption at the state level of a strategy for the development of breeding in the country.
As part of the Concept for the Development of Hop Growing for 2020-2025, the Chuvash Republic is implementing unprecedented measures to subsidize farmers involved in hop growing. One of the main measures of state support for hop growing is a subsidy for the establishment and care of perennial plantings, which reimburses the costs of establishing hop fields in the amount of 250 thousand rubles / ha (no more than 80% of costs), for caring for hop fields before the start of their period commercial fruiting - in the amount of 160 thousand rubles / ha (no more than 80% of costs), hop production is subsidized, subject to its sale (according to calculations, support in this direction in 2023 amounted to 92.7 thousand rubles / ton), construction and reconstruction of hop trellises - in the amount of 800 thousand rubles/ha (no more than 40% of costs), as well as technical and technological modernization, within which it is possible to reimburse 50% of the cost of purchased specialized equipment and 45% of the cost of general-purpose equipment. These subsidies can cover half of all capital investments incurred by the hop grower at the beginning of the production cycle. Also, state support can contribute to the formation of a positive balance of financial results from hop-growing activities after three years of activity, as well as a more accelerated achievement of return on business, which, taking into account the new conditions of preferential lending and with the classical approach to organizing the business model of a hop-growing farm, according to preliminary calculations, may be 8-9 years. At the moment, the republic is developing a state program “Development of production of hops and hop products in the Chuvash Republic” with a validity period until 2031. The main difference between the newly adopted program and the previous document is its focus on a significant increase in hop plantings in the region, providing the necessary technical fleet of specialized equipment, and developing new competitive hop varieties.
In the Russian fisheries sector, there is an increase in the volume of fish catch and production. One of the areas with actively developing aquaculture and industrial fishing is the Novgorod region, the sustainable growth of which can be ensured with an integrated approach to increasing the production potential of the industry and creating conditions to stimulate its development. This growth opens up new opportunities for regional development and job creation, as well as contributes to meeting the needs of the population for high-quality fish and fish products. To propose options for improving the efficiency of the development of the fisheries complex of the Novgorod region, an analysis of its condition and measures of state support was carried out.
The research work included the study of certain issues of buckwheat cultivation, the dynamics of acreage and yield in the Altai Territory. In the structure of the grain wedge, depending on the natural and economic zone of the region, buckwheat is allocated from 1 to 9% of arable land, but the crop yield does not exceed 10 c/ha with a biological potential of more than 25 c/ha. It is proposed to increase the yield of buckwheat by introducing into production certain improved technological techniques and a new method of harvesting. The volume of buckwheat grain produced using the implemented technology has increased to 50 tons on an average of 242 hectares over 6 years. Buckwheat is a widespread and in-demand cereal crop in the Russian Federation, since it is a necessary human food product and is characterized by high taste, nutritional and dietary properties. In addition, buckwheat is important in beekeeping, as a medicinal raw material and forage crop. The article identifies the problems hindering the increase in buckwheat production, and suggests mechanisms for their solution. The results of research on buckwheat production in Russia and abroad are presented, a historical assessment of its origin and current state is given, and development prospects are substantiated. The study determined that the average yield of buckwheat in recent years in Russia in 1993-2002 was 5.6 c/ha, in 2003-2012 it increased to 8.1 c/ha, in 2013-2022 it reached 10.0 c/ha. These indicators indicate the favorable dynamics of buckwheat production in the country, which is also in demand in the modern world community.
The study consists in the formation of management of agglomerations in rural areas, the development of which will be comprehensively improved on the basis of the functioning of the management system of the production and economic cycle and ensuring effective economic activity in rural areas, and it should also be aimed at fulfilling a number of conceptual directions, the implementation of which will contribute to the observance of the rights, interests and legality of all forms of ownership in the agglomeration community, including in the field of integration and agricultural cooperation. In modern conditions, the development of management of rural agglomerations should be aimed at developing a set of measures related to improving the manageability of agro-industrial business and its efficiency based on internal and external functional interaction using production, financial and socio-economic levers of influence.
Rural areas make up a significant part of Russia's space, and the rural population makes up a significant proportion of the country's inhabitants. In recent years, negative demographic trends have been observed in rural areas: a decrease in the number of residents due to natural decline and migration outflow, and an aging population. Rural areas continue to remain not the most attractive space for people to live due to insufficient development of engineering and social infrastructure, quality of housing, and lack of sources of income. The problems of rural development are shown in the article using the example of one of the central European regions of Russia - the Kostroma region. A systematization of state programs for the development of rural areas adopted since the early 2000s, their evolution, a list of tasks they are aimed at solving, and target guidelines have been carried out. The current concepts of program-targeted planning for the development of rural areas are outlined, such as the integrated development of rural areas and the selection of territories of preferential development, which simultaneously ensures the most efficient expenditure of budget funds and the formation of an integral rural territory. Ideas for improving the methodology for selecting support settlements for the development of rural areas are proposed. It is recommended to include in the selection an informal criterion that characterizes the prospects for the development of the territory and allows taking into account the specific conditions of specific regions.
Indicators of the rural settlement system are crucial for understanding the spatial distribution of population, which has a significant impact on people's lives and livelihoods. An analysis of the settlement system in the Central Chernozem region from 1959 to 2022 revealed an increase in the number of small and abandoned rural settlements, with a slight rise in the number of larger ones. This trend leads to depopulation in rural areas, spatial polarization, and compression.Rural residents are primarily moving to larger, more prosperous rural settlements due to improved living conditions. However, these larger settlements often have limited infrastructure, leading to low connectivity in a context of limited transportation accessibility. This results in a situation where remote settlements face challenges in maintaining connectivity.Despite the fact that the number of rural settlements in Russia, which decreased significantly between 1959 and 2003, has not changed significantly in the past two decades, there has been a 22% decrease in their population and a 4.7% increase in the proportion of empty settlements. As a result of territorial and administrative reforms, the unification of smaller settlements into larger ones did not lead to an increase in the number of people living in rural areas, but rather to a significant concentration of people in a limited number of urban areas. For the past 60 years, interregional imbalances in the settlement system of the Central Black Earth region have persisted, with some rural areas in the Tambov, Kursk, Belgorod, and Lipetsk regions transforming into urban areas, while in the Voronezh region, against the backdrop of the formation of larger rural settlements, much of the rest of the territory has become depopulated.
The purpose of this study is to analyze the features of rural entrepreneurship development and mechanisms for involving the younger generation in this process. The solution of the problem of providing labor employment in the youth in rural areas will help to stop the migration processes that lead in the long term to the complete degradation of Russian villages. In the process of preparing the article the authors used materials of the Federal State Statistics Service, works of Russian and foreign scientists on the problems of entrepreneurship development in rural areas. The article analyzes the evolution of the formation of the distinctive features of entrepreneurial activity, as a result of which it was established that entrepreneurship is a special phenomenon based on the protection of private property rights, freedom in decision-making, as well as adherence to moral and ethical values, the merit of the latter is that they guide and stimulate its activity towards the development of socially oriented business. It is revealed that Russia seeks to turn small and medium business into a driver of economic development, ensuring high growth rates, as well as forming a new social culture. The paper substantiates the idea that the involvement of young people in the process of entrepreneurship will contribute to the solution of important socio-economic tasks of the state. This is due to the fact that it is often young people who initiate and stimulate innovative activity, offer non-standard solutions to current problems of national economic development. It was found that the lack of sufficient professional experience, start-up capital, knowledge of intellectual property protection and patent law, bureaucratic and corruption barriers are constraints to the development of youth entrepreneurship. It is possible to overcome all these limitations if the state assists young people in their aspiration to start their own business. It is shown that despite the active support of youth entrepreneurship, there is no single information platform where one could get comprehensive information on the preparation and implementation of startups and measures to support them on a "one-stop-shop" basis. It is concluded that it is necessary to create an ecosystem for the development of youth entrepreneurship, which will allow to optimize the processes of interaction between all stakeholders involved in it, as well as to make information on the results of its work accessible and transparent.
This article discusses the reclamation state of agricultural land and the ecological and economic mechanisms for their regulation. Ecological and economic mechanisms are the main lever for ensuring purely ecological production of the country's agricultural product and reduces the influence of various factors on the process of using agricultural land and preserving agrolandscapes. The current state and level of use of agricultural land was analyzed, factors of deterioration in the state of reclamation lands were established. The main reasons for the low level of agricultural crop yield have been identified, among which are the rational and effective use of reclamation lands, erosion and salinization of soils, and the absence of ecological and economic reasons for the rational use of land. The mechanism of state financing and its insufficiency in the field of agriculture have been analyzed, and to improve the financial stability of agricultural enterprises, directions for improving financing are proposed to increase the reclamation of agricultural land.
The main problems of investing in the innovative development of the agro-food complex of Russia are considered. Among other things, the instability of the dynamics of investments in fixed assets, a decrease in the share of investments in agriculture in total investments in the country's economy to 3.2%, the food industry to 1.3%, significant differentiation of the regions of the Russian Federation in terms of investment provision, the use of most of the investments to replace worn-out fixed assets. Despite the increase in the cost of innovative activities in agriculture to 49.0 billion rubles. In 2022, the level of innovative activity of agricultural producers was lower than the national average and amounted to 8.7%. The share of innovative products in the total volume of agricultural production is growing weakly. The main factors influencing the development of innovative and investment activities in agriculture and the food industry of the Siberian Federal District are highlighted: increasing the profitability of agro-industrial production, attracting additional investments in the agro-food complex, including from friendly BRICS countries, the EAEU and others. The necessity of modernization of the material and technical base in accordance with the model of innovative development of the agro-industrial complex is shown. The main directions of investment in the innovative development of agriculture in the region are proposed, including increasing investments in human capital, the development of resource-saving and digital agrotechnologies, and environmental protection in the agricultural sector.