In recent years, in most regions of the Russian Federation, there has been a constant excess of prices for industrial means of production over the prices of agricultural producers. This trend negatively affects the efficiency of agricultural enterprises, which requires the formation of adequate mechanisms for protection against price fluctuations. At the same time, the irrational distribution of state support in the field of agricultural production can lead to a decrease in the effectiveness of management decisions within the framework of the functioning of individual subjects of market relations. For agricultural organizations as participants in the NP "Labour Productivity and Employment Increase", these circumstances are of significant importance, since they assumed certain obligations to meet the targets.
The high variability of the environment of the agricultural producers’ functioning, which arose with the beginning of radical economic reforms at the end of the last century, largely determined the trajectory of the country's agriculture development. The reaction of agricultural producers to changes in the external environment was described by high inertness due to certain inertia of the agricultural production system itself, despite the use of methods and tools allowing of effective adjustment of the parameters of agro-economic systems, their development trajectories, goals and objectives in response to disturbances in development conditions. The most significant influence on the formation of the trend of agricultural degradation in the first years of radical reforms was exerted by the growth of price disparity, which persists to the present day. The main role in mitigation of the negative impact of the price disparity on the development of agriculture of researchers is played by the state support of the industry. In combination with the agro-industrial integration processes intensification, it was the growth of state support for agriculture that made it possible to overcome the decline in the development of the industry, increase the production volume, and ensures the increase in the efficiency of agricultural production. The key criteria reflecting the production capabilities of economic entities in the agricultural sector include the size of land resources in economic circulation and the number of livestock and poultry, the change trends of which indicate the persistence of restrictions on increasing the production potential of agricultural producers. The achieved level of productivity and efficiency of agricultural production testifies to a sufficiently high adaptive potential of economic entities in the agricultural sector and the rationality of measures of state support for the industry to create conditions for increasing the stability of the entire system of agricultural production.
The article considers the economic risks arising in connection with the implementation of the production program of agricultural enterprises of crop production and animal husbandry. The risks of non-fulfillment of the production program are classified according to the periods of their monitoring and the degree of manageability. The risks of the organization are considered as a tool for controlling sales revenue. The main indicators of risk factors and the possibility of their control in order to minimize them are determined. It is concluded that it is necessary to build a comprehensive system for identifying and assessing risks to manage the progress of the production program, taking into account the characteristics and three main risk factors of agricultural crop production organizations.
In the conditions of an unstable economy, labour force in agriculture, which have certain restrictions on the labour market, have quite high opportunities to increase the efficiency of their use. The relevance of this study is due to the consideration of the ongoing reforms aimed at raising labour productivity and increasing the production of agricultural products of domestic production, which is important for the development of labour resources and improving the workforce in conditions of instability.
The current state of the dairy industry, characterized by the impossibility of providing its own milk to the processing industry and the population, to enter the world dairy market through the intensive development of dairy production, is explained by the imperfection of the mechanism of state support for agriculture, in particular dairy production. The entry of the Russian Federation into the World Trade Organization, the sanctions policy of Western countries require a radical review of state support for the livestock industry, both at the federal level and in the Nizhny Novgorod region. Despite the fact that the Russian Federation has the necessary capabilities to allocate funds to support dairy cattle breeding, it is impossible to increase the effectiveness of dairy cattle breeding in general without determining targeted and full support for commodity producers. It is worth noting that the level of state support in the Russian Federation is determined mainly by the priority areas of development and indicators of the production activities of the economic entity. The proposed system of indicators for assessing the effectiveness of the use of subsidies in dairy cattle breeding will make it possible to objectively assess the results obtained and take reasonable measures to improve it.
Diversification reduces the risks of significant fluctuations in economic performance in a crisis. The purpose of the study is to assess the level of sectoral diversification for agriculture in the Nizhny Novgorod region. The coefficient of sectoral differentiation in agriculture is defined as the inverse of the Herfindal index. The resulting low industry differentiation factor indicates low sustainability and high risks; a significant impact on the economy of the region of a decline in production or activity in agriculture. The prospects for diversification for sustainable rural development depend on the possibilities of involving available resources. The efficiency of the activities is determined by the ratio of revenue to assets. The most effective activities in the region are 01.70 "Hunting, catching and shooting of wild animals, including the provision of services in these areas" and 01.47 "Breeding of agricultural poultry."
The relevance of the topic of the study is due to the need to study the powers of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local authorities in the territory of the Non-Chernozem economic zone of Russia. The characterization of State functions and powers of legislative and executive authorities is necessary to improve the forms of regional and interregional integration, to form a unified legal framework for the implementation of the State's land policy in the field of agricultural land use. In the Kirov region, the scope of state functions and powers of executive authorities at all levels in the field of agricultural land use is quite wide. The Kirov region occupies a significant territory; therefore, the use of agricultural land within its limits is of legally high importance, which will ensure a single space in the territorial, economic and legal sense, taking into account many regional differences and features.
This article considers the problems of assessing the technical capacity of economic entities-farmers, namely farmers and individual entrepreneurs. The relevance of the study is to substantiate the transformation of the agricultural sector from the position of strengthening the role of farmers and individual entrepreneurs in the production of basic types of agricultural products. The analysis of the stock ratio of the studied economic entities allows us to identify the level of their differentiation according to this criterion, which determines the purpose of the study. The methods of statistical grouping, analysis and synthesis are used in the work. Based on the secondary grouping, groups of farms are identified: small, medium, large. The division is based on the criterion of providing them with tractors and combine harvesters. The differentiation of farms of farmers and individual entrepreneurs according to the criterion of capital strength is revealed; a steady trend of strengthening the position of these subjects in groups of medium and large farms is shown. The hypothesis about the leading role of farms of farmers and individual entrepreneurs among agricultural producers in the future is reasonably confirmed in this and earlier studies.
The article examines the process of state regulation in agriculture from the point of view of the formation of sources of financing for entrepreneurial activity, as well as the need for state support for newly created business entities, since more than half of the new economic entities cease to exist at the stage of their formation. The article deals with the pricing policy in agriculture, the mechanism of using own and borrowed sources in the financing of agricultural production.
Thirteen factors of the small and medium-sized reindeer enterprisers resilience have been identified: 1) exposure to disturbance; 2) global autonomous and local interdependence; 3) accessibility of villages; 4) social self-organization; 5) keeping traditional values and preserving traditional knowledge; 6) preservation of traditional farming practices; 7) the formation of human capital; 8) preservation of local natural capital; 9) support for ecosystems self-regulation; 10) functional diversity; 11) diversity of food sources; 12) spatial and temporal heterogeneity; 13) reasonable profitability of food systems. It has been established that the resilience of food systems and food security of indigenous communities in the Arctic is most dependent on global climate change. With the COVID-19 lockdown and restaurant closures in cities within easy reach of indigenous communities in the Arctic, a self-sustaining economy, like many decades ago, is becoming more important.