The spread of the new COVID-19 infection has seriously affected the development of all major sectors of agriculture. Serious fluctuations in development were also noted in the feed market for farm animals. It should be noted that according to the decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated August 25, 2017 No. 996, one of the priority directions of agricultural development in Russia is the creation and implementation until 2026 competitive domestic technologies for the production of high-quality feed, animal feed additives and medicines for veterinary use in accordance with the Federal Scientific and Technical Program for the Development of Agriculture for 2017-2025. Despite the above, the profitability of production for the majority of market participants in the current conditions has decreased, and due to the continued high share of components purchased abroad, the increase in prices for compound feed has become a significant risk of market development. The article presents the results of the analysis of the feed market for farm animals in Russia. Vectors of further development of the market are determined. The problematic issues leading to a further decrease in the profitability of this area are indicated. The prospects for the development of this direction are considered.
The problems of the development of world and domestic vegetable growing have been determined. The tendencies and peculiarities of its functioning are revealed. The main economic parameters of development are considered - production, consumption, price situation, foreign trade. The reasons that hinder the development of the vegetable industry and the directions of its further development were highlighted. The features of structural and geographic changes in export-import supplies, as well as the impact of pandemic lockdowns are revealed. The reasons that restrain the development of the vegetable growing industry are highlighted. The main parameters and directions of development of the domestic vegetable growing industry have been substantiated from the standpoint of achieving indicators from the doctrine of food security in Russia. The research results should be used in the formation of a federal project aimed at stimulating the production of vegetables.
In modern market conditions, agricultural producers use intensive methods for the development of dairy cattle breeding. One of the most promising areas is robotization of the dairy industry. An analysis of the robotic systems for animal husbandry developed and supplied to the market showed that almost all of them are designed to perform work on feeding and milking animals, as well as cleaning the passages of livestock buildings from manure on farms for keeping cattle. The introduction of robotic technologies in dairy farming is currently impossible without the support of farmers at the state level. When moving to a robotic farm, commodity producers are faced with the problem of expensive milking equipment. However, with the rational organization of all resources and processes on the farm, the payback of robotic projects comes in 5-7 years. By using robotic technologies on a dairy farm, commodity producers get round-the-clock access to information about all the processes taking place on the farm. The productivity of animals is increasing, and as a result, the volume of milk production.
The main types of tropical fruits are bananas, pineapples, avocados, mangoes, and papaya. According to statistics from the UN Food and Agriculture Organization, the total global imports of these five fruits in 2019 amounted to 31.14 million tons, while in 1992 11.76 million tons, that is, increased by 2, 67 times. Bananas account for most of their physical turnover. They are predominantly grown and exported from the developing countries of the world, while their importers are developed countries. Russia has been actively involved in the international trade in tropical fruits relatively recently, but currently occupies significant positions in the world market for some of them. During the period of the USSR, certain volumes of import of bananas and pineapples were carried out during 1961-1991, as well as mangoes in 1969-1980. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the import of tropical fruits into the Russian Federation began to grow, but in the 90s of the XX century, for most of them, it was limited by the low paying capacity of the population. Subsequently, as the incomes of Russians increased, the volume of imports of tropical fruits increased significantly, reaching maximum volumes in 2011-2019. It was revealed that in 2019 our country was in third position in the global ranking in terms of physical imports of bananas, in ninth - avocado, thirteenth - mango, fourteenth - pineapple, eighty-eighth - papaya. A small part of these types of fruit and berry products imported into the territory of Russia is re-exported to neighboring states, such as Kazakhstan, Belarus, Ukraine, Uzbekistan and others.
The article shows trends in the development of agricultural cooperation: a decrease in the number by 39.64%, a low share of cooperatives in agricultural exports - 0.24% and in the list of systemic organizations of the agro-industrial complex - 0.5%. An analysis of the rating of agricultural organizations for 2020 showed that production cooperatives have a large revenue and scale of activity compared to consumer cooperatives. A list of the largest agricultural cooperatives by type of activity has been compiled. The greatest efficiency, which was determined by revenue per rouble of assets, is in the cultivation of annual and perennial crops, in livestock - in the breeding of domestic deer. State support is provided to agricultural consumer cooperatives in the form of grants for the development of the material and technical base. We believe that it is advisable to support not only consumer, but also industrial cooperation, which is more significant in the agricultural production. It is also advisable to unify the cooperative legislation.
Small and medium-sized enterprises, including in the agricultural sector, play a significant role in the sustainable development of the economy and contribute to economic growth. However, one of the main problems facing these enterprises is the difficulty of obtaining financial resources in the form of a bank loan due to the lack of sufficient collateral and adequate risk management tools, as well as insufficient experience of financial institutions in managing agricultural loan portfolios. In the context of the global COVID-19 pandemic, new challenges have arisen for these enterprises: interruptions in the supply chains of agricultural raw materials and food, high risks for investors, and a shortage of labour resources. The assessment of the main measures of financial support, as well as ways to attract investment in small and medium-sized enterprises in the agricultural sector of foreign countries is presented. The main measures include attracting public and private investments in agro-food small and medium-sized enterprises, financing digitalization, developing infrastructure and sales markets, reducing licensing costs, investment loans with long-term maturities, providing guarantees for working capital loans and credit lines, mechanisms to reduce the risks of financial services.
The main product of a person at all times was bread and bakery products, raw materials for the production of these types of products are grain and grain products. Therefore, it becomes necessary to increase the efficiency of production of cereals. To optimally solve this problem, it is necessary to develop the cultivation of cereals due to the process of intensification. First of all, it is a complete provision of agricultural production with mineral fertilizers, according to regulatory estimates of the introduction of optimal doses. Based on this, the article discusses the current state of the mineral fertilizer market in the world as a whole, as well as in our country, analyzed their production at the global level and in Russia. The qualitative characteristics of mineral fertilizers are given, the classification of this product is given, their main manufacturers have been identified and determined, the global conjuncture of the relevant market is investigated. The volume of global import and export of this product is analyzed, the balance of demand and supply of mineral fertilizers. The work also investigated the problem of using environmentally friendly mineral fertilizers, their effect on the environment after use in the process of agricultural production. The article marked what features and requirements should be considered when making mineral fertilizers, as well as the technology of using this product.
The main modern problems of the spatial development of agriculture are considered in the context of the planned change in the new administrative-territorial division of the country. It is noted that the possibility of choosing large and largest agglomerations as one of the priorities of the country's spatial development remains one of the most acute and debatable issues, on which agriculture and the functioning of rural territories will largely depend. In the future, it is important to ensure the development of the country's agriculture not only at the expense of large and largest agglomerations, but also of a rational combination of the development of all directions of the spatial organization of the branch and rural territories, which will simultaneously weaken the huge concentration of production resources in separate territories and the uncontrolled accelerated exodus of the rural population, leading to the depopulation of a significant part of rural areas, especially continuing in the vast majority of depressed regions. Ultimately, this should become a guarantee that not all socio-economic life will be concentrated in only a few large and largest agglomerations, and its development will more or less evenly occur throughout the country, including numerous small rural settlements. This will make it possible to maximize the rational use of the existing potential of all regions, to suspend and weaken the trend of over-concentration of the population and economy in individual megacities that has developed over many years, to more objectively take into account the historical and modern realities, national characteristics, the prevailing traditional way of rural life.
The imbalance between the organization of agricultural production and the demands of the market causes negative consequences. High capital intensity of agriculture, vulnerability to natural-climatic, ecological-technogenic, territorial, biological risks do not add attractiveness to agriculture for investment, and increase the need for joint projects based on the mechanism of public-private partnership. The model of the agro-industrial cluster of the Komi Republic will be based on the use of a multidimensional organizational structure, PPP, which involves establishing the relationship of agro-industrial organizations with the institutions of science and education of the Komi Republic. It is supposed to manage interactions within the cluster through a virtual business environment that represents an organizational platform with multidimensional network architecture. The state is able to act as a basis for integration processes and cooperation.
The problem of food security of the rural population is becoming an urgent task requiring an urgent solution for almost all countries of the world, which is recognized by international organizations, including the UN. Over the past 10-15 years, there has been a steady downward trend in milk and meat production in rural households, despite the fact that these products are the main source of food supply for a significant part of the rural population. In recent years, the income and employment of the rural population began to decline, which limited the possibilities of consuming the most valuable food products for organizing rational nutrition. If on average in the Russian Federation the provision of the rural population with products produced by them according to the recommended standards was, for example, 88.6% for milk, then in some regions the indicators of self-sufficiency were below 40%. Ultimately, this leads to an aggravation of the problem of ensuring the food security of the rural population. The article also discusses certain areas that contribute to ensuring food security. In particular, it is proposed to strengthen the state's entrepreneurial activity of farms and individual entrepreneurs, steadily increasing the volume of livestock production.