The development of the agricultural market as a system involves structural changes. Their speed, materiality and impact on the effectiveness of the activity determines its development. The structure of agricultural production by the main categories of farms significantly affects market relations, pricing and the ability to compete with other types of producers. That is why the purpose of this work is to study the existing structure of agricultural production in the Tambov region by type of farms and to develop recommendations for improving the development of agricultural production in the region. The paper analyzes by type of farms the number of market participants, production in 2021 and in retrospect. The study confirms the importance of the contribution of the agricultural sector of the Tambov region to the economy of the Central Federal District, analyzes the structural and territorial differences of agricultural producers. The dominance of large and medium-sized entrepreneurs is noticeable in the structure of the agricultural business of the region. Adaptive and competitive advantages of agricultural producers of the region are investigated. The state authorities of the region should expand measures to support the production of products in rural areas in order to increase competition in the market and stabilize prices for food products.
Organic agriculture belongs to the segment and direction of improvement of modern agricultural production, in which biomaterials, natural fauna, selection and seed production adapted to local conditions are used instead of chemical fertilizers, pesticides and fungicides. The article examines the objective prerequisites, the history of the formation and development of organic agriculture in the countries of the world and Russia from the standpoint of the use of agro biotechnologies, scientifically based crop rotations, agro technical techniques, production organization, cooperation and agro-industrial integration. The conclusions about its prospects in the regions of Russia are substantiated on the basis of an analytical assessment of the resource potential, opportunities, trends in its development, economic assessments, and the results of sociological surveys. The problems hindering the increase in the production of organic products are identified, and mechanisms for their solution are proposed. The results of research on organic markets in Russia and abroad are presented, an assessment of their current state is given, and prospects for development are substantiated.
Agriculture, as the leading branch of the economy, is aimed at providing food to the population of the country and obtaining raw materials for various industries. Dairy cattle breeding occupies one of the leading places in agriculture. The development of high-tech innovative technologies related to the automation of production processes will lead to an increase in the production of high-quality milk and create conditions for increasing labor productivity in the industry, which in turn will favorably affect the efficiency of dairy cattle production. Theoretical (analysis, synthesis, comparison) and empirical (analysis of scientific literature) research methods were used in the course of the study. Milk production in the Kaluga Region has a steady positive trend. This is due to the introduction of robotic technologies into the production process. The introduction of robotic technologies in dairy cattle breeding is currently impossible without the support of farmers at the state level. To analyze the results of the use of robotic technologies in agricultural organizations operating in the field of dairy cattle breeding, organizations that have brought robotics to design capacity and have certain results are considered. By applying robotic technologies on a dairy farm, commodity producers get round-the-clock access to information about all processes taking place on the farm. The productivity of animals increases, and as a result, the volume of milk production and profitability of production.
The article considers the current state of the meat and meat products market based on an integrated approach. The purpose of the work is to study the dynamics and pace of development of meat markets in Russia as a whole and in the context of the subjects of the Federation during the period of the sanctions regime. In the context of geopolitical instability, there is a risk of production instability, especially in the agri-food industry. The current situation in the Russian economy implies a reorientation only to domestic production, therefore, it is necessary to analyze the state and pace of development of industries that provide the population with food, and above all those included in the consumer basket. The article notes that demand in all meat markets is lower than supply, this is primarily due to the income of the population, which currently demonstrates an insufficient level, so that in addition to white and red meat, self-sufficiency is ambiguous in the diet of every Russian, self-sufficiency is ambiguous by types of meat. In general, the meat market is fully provided with domestic commodity resources, the leader in meat production is the Central Federal District, and in consumption the geography of the regions is wide Moscow and Pskov regions, the Republics of Kalmykia, Altai and Mari El. It is noted that the rate of change in prices for food products included in the category "meat and meat products" is significantly ahead of the rate of change in real disposable income.
The article proposes a methodological approach to assessing the spatial development of the agri-food market (AFR), which includes five stages: decomposition of the AFR into key elements (supply, demand, price); formalization of dynamic and qualitative characteristics of key indicators: identification of features of the spatial organization of agricultural production; identification and selection of factors in the formation of demand for agri-food products in the regional context: identification and assessment of structural shifts and differentiation of regional agri-food markets. As a result of testing the methodological approach to the spatial development of APR for the period 2010-2020. an assessment is made of the spatial characteristics of the milk and meat market of the Central Federal District of its macro regions and regions, trends and problems, and directions of development are identified.
Based on the use of economic and mathematical methods of multi-criteria optimization, efficiency was assessed and a rating of grain-producing macro-regions of Russia was compiled by the degree of decreasing risk. Based on the author's results, we can conclude that the Central Federal District (CFD) is the least risky macro-region for the type of production under consideration. The macroregion has the highest potential for economic efficiency in the context of six risk criteria. Due to risk-extreme manifestations (drought, hail, etc.) during the growing season of grain and leguminous crops, the Central Federal District has high losses in economic indicators of production, including the yield of winter and spring crops. The development of an information system for identifying the potential and assessing the economic efficiency of production within the country's macroregion consists in maintaining priority goals: increasing investments in the region, increasing the yield of grain and leguminous crops, self-sufficiency of the country in grain production, import substitution, and reducing the cost of production.
The article discusses the theoretical foundations of regulating the market of agricultural raw materials and food, the role of the state in this process. The article analyzes how the balance in the agricultural products market of the Smolensk region could be with a reduction in the impact of non-market forces from 100% satisfaction of the population's need for basic foodstuffs to almost complete removal of control. The research is carried out based on the results of a computer experiment based on a partial equilibrium model in the markets of agricultural products of the subjects of the Russian Federation, which is based on the innovative architecture of the PF+PE model developed at the A.A. Nikonov VIAPI. The scenarios included in the model differ in the level of recommended medical nutrition standards for all products included in the model. The simulation results are considered correct under the assumption that, in addition to reducing the permissible level of consumption, the remaining conditions will remain unchanged. Through scenario analysis, changes in consumption volumes, food prices, output and sales volumes, exports and imports, as well as in the size of the main production resources used in agricultural production are considered. Based on the identified trends, it is concluded that only a slight weakening of non-market forces can have a positive impact on the situation on the market of agricultural products in the region. The main consequences that such a weakening can lead to are listed.
The zonal specialization of agricultural production is a consequence of the geographical and climatic conditions of the territories. Natural and climatic factors cannot be considered in isolation from such a concept as a system. At present, increased attention is being paid to the development and development of systems that increase the sustainability of agriculture as a whole. In agricultural production, they mainly deal with open systems that are characterized by a high degree of interaction with the external environment and are able to adapt to it. At the same time, adaptation does not always lead to the development and improvement of production and processes taking place in the region. It is not uncommon if this process is not regulated, it leads to an imbalance between the sub-sectors of agriculture. The influence of the external environment has led to drastic changes in the zonal specialization of the territories of the region. If in the twentieth century natural and climatic conditions were the basis for specialization, now geopolitical factors are in the first place. The most affected branch of agriculture in the changed conditions was animal husbandry in terms of beef cattle breeding, sheep breeding. To equalize the position of industries, the authors propose to apply zonal distribution when using agricultural insurance. The authors also believe that agricultural insurance should contribute to the balance of zonal specialization, since agriculture is a specific branch of the economy, the features of which are the seasonal nature of crop cultivation, and high dependence on weather conditions, which entails uneven costs and output. In this regard, in agriculture, special attention should be paid to the protection of the property interests of agricultural producers − agricultural insurance. It is advisable for agricultural producers to provide insurance services in a "package", which includes insurance of crops, animals, vehicles, finished products, etc. At the same time, insurance "in a package" may primarily be of great interest to highly profitable agricultural enterprises with livestock specialization.
The article examines and discusses issues related to the process of investing in the sustainable development of the agricultural sector of the Republic of Tajikistan. The analysis of investment and financial support in the field of nature management and agriculture was carried out. Cases and problems of deterioration of the ameliorative state of agricultural lands, climate warming and its impact on agricultural production, degradation of agricultural land and deterioration of the natural ecosystem have been identified. Factors of decline in agricultural production and foreign investment in this area are identified. According to the authors, the main reason for the decline in agricultural production is the deterioration of reclamation lands, the withdrawal of agricultural land from agricultural circulation, soil erosion and salinization, damage to irrigation infrastructure and lack of water resources during the irrigation season. Proposed mechanisms and methods of financing the agricultural sector, such as foreign investment, government support for the agricultural sector, the implementation of land reclamation measures by agricultural enterprises.
The article is devoted to one of the most important problems in the agricultural sector of the economy of the Russian Federation in modern geopolitical conditions - accelerated industrialization. The need for a change of management paradigms in both the scientific and technological development of agriculture in the country and the entrepreneurial thinking of agricultural producers is substantiated. The high dependence of the agricultural sector on Western technologies, technical means, seeds of agricultural crops, breeding products, active substances necessary for the production of pesticides was noted. All this requires a critical import substitution of the means of production in the country with the active participation of the state. It is shown that in the conditions of external restrictions, domestic agricultural production faced an increase in prices for materials, seeds, machinery and fuel, which combined with the problem of overcoming sanctions and complicated logistics, as well as with a decrease in effective demand in the country. A set of operational measures developed by the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation to provide agricultural producers with mineral fertilizers, technical means, and seed material and plant protection products in a situation of high uncertainty is presented. The paper shows the need for the formation of industry innovation systems, as well as an integrated inter sectoral program with a detailed plan for its implementation. A conceptual model of a "separate" innovation system in the agricultural sector of the country's economy is presented. The role and importance of the RAS in the management of scientific research and development in the interests of the development of the agricultural sector and high-tech industries are shown. The key technological directions in the development of the agro-industrial complex and ways of their implementation in agricultural production in order to accelerate its industrialization are proposed.