The deterioration of agricultural lands in the world and their reduction exacerbates the issue of world food security, and the food problem becomes not only economic, but also political. The time will come when the economic and political power of states will largely be determined by their land resources. Under the conditions of Western sanctions, the "eastern" vector of Russia's agrarian economy has intensified. The article gives a general assessment of the use of agricultural lands of two world powers – Russia and China. Russia is the leader in the area of land resources. In recent years, there has been a tendency to reduce agricultural land in Russia while increasing it in China. Agricultural land is not used fully rationally and efficiently; the area of arable land has significantly decreased, while the per capita availability of arable land in China is many times lower than in Russia. China's agriculture is developing more intensively, thanks to which the volume of food production is significantly higher than Russian, both in general and per hectare of agricultural land. In Russia, the level of technical equipment of agriculture is several times lower than in China, which requires reasonable government intervention in regulating the development of the agro-food sector. The State should, and in exceptional cases, is obliged to provide agricultural producers with monetary and material and technical resources that create the potential for rational and efficient use of land. The gradual "depopulation" of rural areas and the non-use of land, especially in the Far Eastern regions of Russia, with a significant shortage of agricultural land in China, increases its demand for the provision of Russian land for long-term lease, which requires ensuring safe, economical exploitation of agricultural land, preserving their fertility for future generations. Not all countries of the world have such a reserve of land as Russia. It should be spent responsibly, and the land, and in general, the agri-food strategy should be planned taking into account all opportunities and threats.
According to the results of the conducted research, it was determined that Russia occupies the seventh position in the world ranking in terms of total milk production after India, the USA, Pakistan, China, Brazil, Germany. The development of the production of milk and dairy products is one of the priorities in Russia. In Russia, more than 20 thousand agricultural organizations of various forms of ownership with a population of 3.1 million cows are engaged in the production of milk. In 2021, milk production in all categories of farms increased by only 0.3% compared to 2020 and amounted to 32.3 million tons. To stimulate the growth of milk production and its processing, the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation provides a set of state support measures. The food security doctrine defines the level of self-sufficiency in relation to milk and dairy products (in the milk bill) at least 90 percent. At the moment, the indicator has not been reached and is 84%.
In modern geopolitical conditions, ensuring technological sovereignty in the agricultural sector of the country directly depends on the speed of implementation of the Federal Scientific and Technical Program for the Development of Agriculture for 2017-2030 (hereinafter-the FNTP). The high dependence of the domestic agro-industrial complex on the technologies of foreign countries was noted, which, according to preliminary data, amounted to about 40 percent in 2022. In these difficult conditions, the Ministry of Education and Science, together with the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia, are implementing the FNTP, the implementation of which was discussed during parliamentary hearings in the State Duma of the Russian Federation on March 15, 2023. The necessity of developing and implementing a set of measures aimed at creating and introducing competitive domestic technologies in the field of breeding both in crop production and in the livestock industry in close cooperation between the state, science and business is substantiated. It is shown that in the conditions of external restrictions, the agricultural sector of the country faced an increase in prices for fertilizers, seeds, technical means of production, which combined with the problem of overcoming the sanctions of unfriendly states and complicated logistics. The analysis of the implementation of the existing FNTP programs and those planned for approval in 2023 with the calculation of the planned values of self-sufficiency of the agricultural production of the country with both seeds of domestic selection and breeding products was carried out. A set of priority organizational, economic and regulatory measures to accelerate the implementation of the results of the FNTP in the real sector of the economy has been developed and proposed.
This article is devoted to the assessment of state financial support for small agricultural businesses of the Leningrad region. It has been established that in the dynamics of the annual fund of support provided by the small agricultural business of the region under the main subprogram of support for the small forms of management, a pendulum swing is observed, reaching 235.64 million rubles in 2021. The general fund of the area of support provided to the subjects of the small agribusiness, throughout the program "Development of Agriculture", has been growing since 2018, amounting to 457.489 million rubles at the end of 2021, although in real terms it has been declining since 2020. The share of the annual support fund for small agribusiness entities in the total annual support for agricultural producers in the region increased by 92,8% from 2015 to 2021, but still remains low (8,1% at the end of 2021). The most "popular" form of support for the region's small agribusiness is grant support. In the structure of grant support for farmers, over the analyzed period, the main share of payments falls on grants to family farms, against the background of a decrease in the number of those supported under this program. In general, the level of support for small business in agriculture in the Leningrad Region, both in terms of the amount of support and the number of supported, remains clearly insufficient for development in the field of farming and achieving the goals of sustainable development of agriculture and rural areas.
The article is devoted to the problem of the formation of the agricultural land market on the example of a separate region of the Volga region and the use of real estate market indicators. The price changes based on the results of land auctions for various parameters are presented and analyzed: form of ownership, land area, purpose of use, infrastructure development. The reasons and facts in the dynamics of changes in the market value of agricultural land as a result of lease and sale transactions, including the establishment of a cause-and-effect relationship on the registration of property rights to land, are stated. Attention is drawn to the role of the state and regional authorities in the development of the agricultural land market and the sustainable development of agribusiness.
For successful development, our country must be provided with sufficient food products. In market conditions, a certain proportion of their production is occupied by entrepreneurs and farmers, whose role is gradually increasing. But as practice shows, today this growth is clearly insufficient. We have analyzed the state of production in the basic non-primary sector - agriculture. The production of products in general and the place of entrepreneurs in agricultural production in natural terms and in monetary terms are assessed. A general description of the proceeds received by entrepreneurs, including from the sale of agricultural products, is given. Expenses, labor resources, profitability, productivity, level of subsidies, wages in relation to revenue are analyzed, the main problems that need to be solved are named.
The study made it possible to characterize the agribusiness of the Belgorod region and present the ability of agro-industrial enterprises to carry out innovative activities. Belgorod region is in 7th place among all regions of Russia with maximum investment potential. This is a key factor in the development of the region. The Belgorod region has learned to use not only advanced foreign technologies, but also to embody the most daring plans of Russian scientists. The authors showed the dynamics of agricultural production in the Belgorod region, companies and projects that were introduced and implemented in the agribusiness of the Belgorod region and considered measures to provide state support for agriculture for the development of innovations in the agro-industrial complex of the region. Such projects are the creation and marketing of a wide range of microbiological synthesis products; development and production of probiotic complexes (feed additives); robotic pig complex; software and hardware systems of machine vision and others.
Modern trends in the development of innovation activity are associated with an unprecedented increase in uncertainty and the expansion of the risks of introducing innovations. The influence of the combination of the most significant factors on the state of the national innovation system in recent years has manifested itself in a combination of parameters for reducing the resource base and increasing the effectiveness of innovations, the multidirectional nature of the change in the system of indicators led to the preservation of a low level of use of innovative potential. Opportunities for the implementation of innovative activities were predetermined by regional and sectoral characteristics. Regional specificity, first of all, was revealed in a significant differentiation in the financing of innovative activities in terms of volumes and directions of investment in innovative development in the federal districts and constituent entities of Russia. The existing asymmetry in the cost structure for innovations in the business sector has shown the predominance of demand for second-order innovations as part of the agrarians' desire to upgrade the material and technical base. As a result, there was a decrease in the intensity of innovation activity (both in terms of financing innovations and in the production of innovative products), accompanied by an increase in the energy intensity of labor and the efficiency of agricultural production. The positive impact of modernization at the beginning of 2023, in the context of tightening external control over compliance with sanctions, formed a managerial vector in the corporate sector to maintain current production and market positions.
The digitalization of Russian agriculture, despite a lot of scientific and practical research on positive effects, comes across barriers, mainly associated with the high cost of technology, as well as the complexity of staffing. Nevertheless, the task of assessing the cost-effectiveness of introducing precision rural farming technologies is becoming more urgent due to the need to assess and predict the financial performance of farms as a result of the introduction of appropriate innovations. The multi-image of the effects of the introduction of precision agriculture technologies requires the development of a system of indicators that characterize the effectiveness of innovations in agriculture. As a development of the methodology for assessing the effectiveness of innovations in accurate agriculture, it is proposed to use a cost-benefit analysis that allows assessing not only quantitative, but also qualitative effects. The main groups of stakeholders listed in the article (manufacturers, equipment suppliers, investors, the state) make it possible to specify the effects and costs. As the main methods, it is proposed to calculate the cost of net benefits and ROI, since they allow you to take into account the interests of manufacturers and investors. A systematic approach to assessing the effectiveness of the introduction of precision agriculture technologies allows us to develop a system of measures to support and stimulate innovation in agriculture.
Agricultural business is a highly risky activity. The result is influenced by many agro-climatic factors, which by their nature are random. However, over a long period of time, factors manifest themselves in a limited space on average, with some deviations, which allows them to be taken into account to determine a successful combination of crops for cultivation. The territory of the Penza region and the grain sub complex of crop production were chosen as the object of research. To carry out the analysis, preliminary clustering of the districts of the Penza region was carried out according to the structure of the sown areas of grain crops. The districts of the Penza region are not homogeneous in the structure of grain crops grown. In the last thirty years, there have been significant structural shifts in the grain industry of the Penza region, which are caused by both changes in the economic feasibility of cultivation and correction of agro-climatic conditions. In addition, it is impossible not to take into account the success of breeding and agricultural technology. Increasing crop productivity is an urgent task of grain production. In this regard, the article analyzes the agro-climatic factors that have a significant impact on the yield of various grain crops in the districts of the Penza region. The analysis was carried out on the basis of an assessment of the significance of the coefficients of discriminant functions constructed on the basis of nine variables characterizing the agro-climatic conditions of the districts of the region. Discriminant functions characterized the previously obtained clusters, which characterized different levels of grain yield for the period from 1979 to 2021. The main factors influencing the variability of the yield of various grain crops in the Penza region are determined. The result of the work was the secondary clustering of the districts of the Penza region. Based on the conducted division, it turned out to determine the structure of specialization of grain farming in the Penza region. The results are important for accurate calculation of the risk of growing grain crops in various districts of the Penza region.