The article notes that the state of agriculture and the economy as a whole depends on how effectively two strategic tasks of public administration are solved, which are the creation of conditions for the development and full use of the economic and social potential of the nation, that is, the citizens of the country. It is shown that in Russia in this regard there are serious problems that have arisen due to the imperfection of socio-economic relations, the core of which is the relationship "power-people". Based on best practices, including Chinese, measures are proposed to eliminate shortcomings in this area, taking into account which will accelerate the pace of development of agriculture and other sectors of the economy.
This study examines the features of the modern taxation system in the agricultural sector of the economy on the example of the Chuvash Republic. The values of tax revenues and GRP were analyzed and compared, the tax burden of different sectors of the Chuvash economy was calculated. The study showed which sectors of the economy of Chuvashia have a high tax burden. Such industries include manufacturing, construction and mining. In general, an uneven distribution of the sectoral tax burden (between different sectors of the economy) was revealed in the studied region, which is explained by the peculiarities of the structure of the regional economy. Special attention was paid to taxation of the agricultural sector of the economy. As a result of the study, it was revealed that this industry contributes 0.1% of the total tax revenue in Chuvashia. The agricultural sector of the economy has the lowest tax burden. Economic entities of agriculture are recommended to clearly plan their tax burden, taking into account all modern tax conditions.
The agricultural industry, being the basis of food security, ultimately forms the economic security of the entire state. Therefore, this branch of the national economy is receiving multilateral state support. By pursuing a policy of import substitution and providing it financially, the country has achieved food independence from the outside world in terms of basic food products and reduced it in certain positions. Among other measures of state support, great importance is given to the tax regulation of the industry: the policy of preferential taxation is designed to stimulate the development of the agricultural sector, stimulate investment, on this basis, satisfy the demand for products, and reduce its cost. As instruments of tax regulation, tax incentives, tax exemptions, and special tax regimes are used. The article studies the impact of measures taken by the state on tax incentives on the state of this sector of the economy. The information base of the study was the official data of Rosstat, the Federal Tax Service of Russia, data from Internet resources, and publications on the topic under study.
Wages are the main source of income for the rural population. The article examines the main reasons for low wages for agricultural labor, analyzes the wages of agricultural workers and the economy as a whole in the Russian Federation and in the Chuvash Republic. The dynamics of the average monthly nominal accrued wages of employees by types of economic activity in the Russian Federation in Russia and the region is presented. The analysis of household disposable resources is also given. Priority areas in the field of improving the remuneration of agricultural workers can be: 1) constant monitoring of working conditions and modern legislation; 2) establishment of a mandatory labor regulation system; 3) planning and budgeting of cash flows in priority areas; 4) ensuring that wages comply with the nature of the work performed; 5) development of the system of incentive and compensatory payments, etc.
The analysis of the investment activity of agro-industrial enterprises is an important tool for assessing their effectiveness, as well as financial stability and economic security. Based on its results, it is possible to identify the main problems and risks associated with investments in agriculture, as well as identify opportunities for improving investment policy. The article presents the results of a detailed study of the investment activity of the largest processing enterprise of the Chuvash Republic, assesses the structure and quality of cash flows from investment transactions, evaluates the effectiveness of investment projects and suggests directions for the development of investment activities. According to the study, the company has a negative balance on investment transactions related to the acquisition, modernization and renewal of non-current assets. With the right approach to such investments, you can get high efficiency through a potential increase in return on funds and profitability. An increase in production capacity is expected to bring an increase in output, and, accordingly, an increase in financial results. However, investment projects require a preliminary assessment of their economic efficiency. Having made financial calculations using several different methods that characterize investments from different points of view, more effective investment policy directions were chosen that would bring economic benefits and contribute to its stable financial position in the market.
Weed control is a major problem in agricultural production. Clogging of cultivated fields with weeds leads to a sharp decrease in crop yields. The purpose of the study is to analyze research in the field of the use of artificial intelligence systems in weed control. The results of the selection of publications from international citation databases on the research problem are presented. To identify weeds, convolutional neural networks are mainly used, in some cases in combination with methods of support vector machine, nearest neighbor, various classifiers, and also their ensembles (combinations). It has been established that artificial intelligence systems allow, with an accuracy of over 90%, to identify individual weeds and their groups in crops of cultivated plants. The effects of the use of artificial intelligence systems in weed control are highlighted, which consist in reducing the expenditure of plant protection products and crop yields during spot spraying of weeds. Specific recommendations are given on the use of artificial intelligence systems for mechanical weeding by robotics.
The problems of production efficiency increasing during the introduction of high-performance industrial conveyor-type technologies on large dairy complexes are analyzed. Structured factors constraining the development and implementation of digital technologies in dairy cattle breeding: the difficulties of reliable assessment of economic efficiency, complexity, high cost, variability of technical requirements, investment and current costs of implementation at specific livestock facilities; complex, prolonged nature of the impact on the production and economic results in the industry. Traditional methods of economic efficiency calculating for early diseases diagnosis on the basis of production and economic models solve only individual problems, allow to estimate the economic effect of the introduction of digital technologies in the first approximation, as they include a limited number of variable parameters of the production process and herd reproduction, considering the effects and efficiency mainly through integral indicators. A method for evaluating digital video monitoring systems efficiency based on probabilistic-statistical models built using the graph of animal states and including a set of parameters: statistical estimates of the diseases considered, differentiated by physiological groups of animals; the proportion of detection and value of productivity losses and reproductive parameters at early and late stages of diseases; cost of "transition" animals from "health" to " disease" was proposed and tested on data from farms in the Leningrad Region. The developed method allows to take into account the absolute and relative changes in the complex of detailed parameters of production "before/after the project" due to the set of isolated states of animals and probabilities of events in the production cycle when calculating the efficiency. Probabilistic-statistical models improve the quality of solutions and inverse problems of analysis of the processes under study, providing an increase in the efficiency of justification requirements for technical parameters, the marginal value of investment and operating costs at the pre-project stages of the development of individual digital solutions and their systems.
Ensuring the country's food security is primarily the breeding of new varieties and hybrids of agricultural crops that are most dependent on the foreign market. After all, the variety is a key factor of economic growth in agricultural production, and breeding and seed production occupy the main positions. Russian breeding science enjoys well-deserved recognition and authority all over the world. The competitiveness of domestic varieties over foreign ones is convincingly proved by leguminous and cereal crops. Breeding, however, cannot be effective without replicating seeds of new varieties, which is why, first of all, an organized seed production system is necessary. As of the second half of 2023, according to the register of seed farms of the Russian Federation, their number is 940, which is 25.2% more than in 2020, but 8.2% less than in 2017. In order to improve the system of breeding and seed production, we consider it expedient to radically, with the help of the state, change the situation with the renewal of the material and technical base - first of all, scientific institutions.
The article outlines the importance and necessity of developing rural tourism for the agricultural industry, the region and the individual tourist. The authors consider the historical aspects of the formation and progressive development of domestic and foreign rural tourism. The current state and development of rural tourism in the Chuvash Republic was studied with the identification of basic problems and the designation of directions for their solution for the successful development of agro tourism. In the Chuvash Republic, nine pilot areas have been identified, where the most interesting places for tourists are located, two rural tourist routes have been formed. Promising is the development of event tourism in the region, the prerequisites of which are the national events held annually in Chuvashia. The development of rural tourism is expected to create new jobs and diversify activities in the countryside, develop social infrastructure, and increase the sale of tourist products of rural and ecological tourism.
The article examines the main negative factors faced by agricultural producers during the transition from traditional to organic agriculture. The transition period is considered as a process from the moment the entrepreneur assesses the expediency of making such a decision until the certified organic farm reaches a sustainable pace of development. The research is based on the analysis and generalization of scientific works of domestic and foreign authors on the relevant topic. The identified problems are grouped in three directions, depending on their belonging to the stages of the transition process: problems affecting the decision of the manufacturer to switch to organic production and the certification process; problems related to the production of organic products; problems of storage and marketing of organic products. Taking into account the identified problems, the key directions of the development and implementation of state policy aimed at the creation and development of farms producing organic agricultural products are proposed. The main blocks of such a policy should be: measures of financial and credit support, taking into account the peculiarities of the period of conversion of traditional production into organic, with an emphasis on preferential lending and taxation; creation of a multi-agent system for the formation, accumulation and dissemination of knowledge about organic farming technologies with the involvement of existing producers; formation of regional libraries of standard technological maps for the production of certain types of organic products taking into account the natural and climatic characteristics of rural areas. The detailed development of the proposed set of measures may be the subject of further research by scientists involved in the development of organic agriculture.