Providing the population with fresh and processed fruit and berry products is a necessary condition for strengthening their physical and mental health, activity, longevity and high quality of life. This allows us to consider this task as an important national economic problem. The purpose of the article is to reveal the specific features of the organization of industrial horticulture, the functioning of the fruit processing industry, commodity distribution infrastructure, to identify the main spheres of influence of the fruit subcomplex in solving food security issues in modern conditions. The article reveals food problems in terms of providing the population with fruit and berry products, which include: the discrepancy between production volumes and population growth, rising food prices, limited agro-climatic conditions for growing fruit crops, environmental degradation. Attention is focused on the essence of industrial gardening, intensive systems of cultivation of perennial fruit plantations, their economic and technological advantages and disadvantages are highlighted. The main driving forces of the development of the subcomplex have been identified: technological, economic, social and environmental, digitalization. The indicators of the development of the horticulture and fruit processing industry sub-sector in Russia for 2018-2022 are analyzed. It has been revealed that in our country, food safety for fruits does not reach the criteria established by the Doctrine of Food Safety of the Russian Federation, which requires an increase in state support in creating conditions for the highly efficient functioning of the fruit sub-complex. The results of the article can be applied to expand other studies on this problem.
The peak of hop production in the Soviet Union occurred in 1985, when the size of the fruiting areas of hop fields was maximum, and the average yields also increased, which, according to data for 1981-1985, remained 6.6 c/ha. Then production began to gradually decline. This was facilitated by a number of factors, namely: low product quality, lack of storage capabilities with small losses, and high labor intensity. The listed aspects, along with the impossibility of updating specialized machinery and equipment, led to a decrease in hop production volumes in Russia. The crop yield in 1994 was one of the lowest in the history of cultivation. It was lower only in 2010, due to the summer drought in the Volga, Southern and Central federal districts of Russia. Despite the stabilization of the situation in 2022, when the total area of hop fields by 2021 increased by 1.5 times, to 328 hectares, the area of fruit-bearing hop fields - by 8.3%, to 144 hectares, yield - by 8.2%, to 15 .9 c/ha, the industry still faces a number of problems: the labor intensity of growing the crop, the lack of high-quality planting material, the lack of a full line of units for cultivating hops. At the same time, a number of subjects of the country have potential for the development of hop growing. These include regions with favorable weather conditions and fertile land resources - these are the subjects of the Black Earth Region (Lipetsk, Voronezh and other regions); regions with a warm climate - for example, the Krasnodar Territory; regions of the Volga region, where the historical traditions of hop growing have been preserved, and the cultivation of the crop continues - these are the Chuvash Republic, as well as the Republic of Mari El; The most eastern entities supporting the development of the industry are the Altai Republic and the Altai Territory. In this regard, the stable development of the direction will be possible primarily for those entities that can create the most favorable conditions for attracting investors interested in the evolution of hop growing.
The article discusses the impact of key factors on consumer behavior in relation to the organic market. The legal regulation determining the status of organic products is affected. It has been determined that the main factor affecting consumer behavior is the income of the population. A comparison was made between the level of per capita income and the spatial location of organic production in 2023. The results of a survey of consumers for the motivational component when choosing products are presented. the nature of the location of the production of organic products is determined and the types of consumers are determined by the level of income.
Theoretically, the need for institutional regulation of land relations in the agrarian sphere is justified in order to ensure expanded reproduction of land rent using fuzzy cognitive modeling that unites the institutions of the basic block in the form of important legal relations, norms and rules that affect the behavior of economic agents that are influenced by the economic environment and use driver institutions to obtain maximum economic result, while simultaneously reproducing land rent. To this end, a corresponding fuzzy cognitive matrix has been developed, and the necessary mechanism has been created, which differs from most of the current ones in that instead of the widespread Saati pair comparison method, operations of fuzzy set algebra are used, such as complement, intersection, union, symmetric difference and others. This allows you to obtain quite a few hidden states of the land relations system, expanding the toolkit, increasing the effectiveness of modeling. Paired comparisons are carried out directly in the main matrix with two-element concept cells - i-th (factor) and j-th (system). This representation of the original information allows you to directly, i.e. without creating transitive matrices, determine the dominant concepts, calculate their relative and absolute superiority over opposite concepts in the corresponding pairs Using the "union" operation, all maximum values of concepts are selected, forming a certain potential of the system, the "intersection" operation reveals its lower limits, highlighting all minimum values of concepts, which are simultaneously values of direct interference between concepts (the content of one concept in another). Using the "symmetric difference" operation, the resulting (residual) influences are determined: i-th concepts on the system (on j-th concepts) and systems (j-th concepts on its behalf) on i-th concepts. Based on them, regulatory matrices and their graphic displays are formed, which allows for machine learning.
The mechanism of realization of the economic interests of the rural population is presented as a complex of interrelated subsystems combining structural, functional and supporting elements, as well as specialized tools and methods for managing the processes of creating optimal conditions for the realization of the interests of the population. The structural elements of the mechanism for the realization of interests reflect various levels of its hierarchy and are represented by such entities as the state, regions, municipalities, business entities, rural settlements, households, which are focused on the implementation of such functions as identification, personification, localization, consolidation, coordination, harmonization, balancing and motivation of interests. The providing subsystem solves problems related to social security of the population, healthcare, education, ensuring safe living conditions, regulatory and information support for the population. As the basic directions of the development of the mechanism for realizing the interests of the rural population, the following are highlighted: improving the regulatory and legal support for the life of the rural population; legislative provision of conditions for physical and economic accessibility of consumed benefits; development of public-private partnership in rural areas and increasing social responsibility of business; adjustment of the system of needs of the rural population; adjustment of the existing model of economic behavior of the rural population; creation of conditions for the growth of employment and self-employment of the rural population and their incomes; increasing the influence of public organizations on the processes of rural development and the development of local self-government, etc.
Rural territories, currently covering two thirds of the area of the Russian Federation and home to 37.34 million people, are a special component of regional systems and play an important role in the integrated socio-economic development of all regions of the country. Therefore, their effective social development is one of the key goals of modern socio-economic policy in Russia. In 2003-2013, the federal target program "Social development of the village" was implemented, in 2014-2017. – the departmental program "Sustainable development of rural areas for 2014-2017 and for the period up to 2020". On June 4, 2019, a new state program "Integrated rural development for 2020-2025" was approved. These programs involve (among many measures to support modern rural areas) the creation of favourable socio-economic conditions for the development of rural areas, including expanding public access to social services, improving their standard of living and eliminating topical social problems. The most important component of the social development of rural areas is to improve the quality of housing and communal services, the level of education, health, social security and accessibility of cultural and entertainment services. The social development of regional systems, including rural areas, is influenced by numerous factors, among which are, first of all, economic factors, and in recent years, Western sanctions. Sanctions and withdrawal of foreign capital, deterioration of the financial and economic situation of a significant number of agricultural enterprises in the regions leads to bankruptcy of some of them, mass layoffs of workers and increased unemployment, lower incomes, living standards, increased crisis, social inequality and social tension in rural areas. In addition, the revision of budget spending priorities, due to changes in the international situation, resource shortages lead to a reduction in government spending on social services such as health, education and social protection. This worsens the access of the population of regions, including rural areas, to social services, especially for vulnerable groups such as children, the elderly and poor families. In the context of the economic downturn and rising unemployment, migration of the population from rural areas to cities is also increasing. The number of many rural areas of the subjects of the Russian Federation is decreasing, which, in turn, has a negative impact on their social development. The purpose of this study is to actualize the need for a comprehensive analysis of the negative impact of economic factors and Western sanctions on the social development of rural regional systems in Russia in order to develop new and improve existing social programs and measures to support the population, stimulate economic diversification and the development of entrepreneurial activity in rural areas.
Agricultural cooperatives are economic entities and an institute at the micro-level of the socio-economic system of the agro-industrial complex in the chain of relevant institutions connecting raw materials and consumers. The loss of cooperative identity is a global trend. The new forms that have arisen, although they adhere to separate cooperative principles, are often not cooperatives under the law. The article analyzes the development of agricultural production cooperatives in the Republic of Tatarstan. The method of comprehensive assessment was used. According to the integrated efficiency indicator, 8 cooperatives of the third group (higher profitability, labor productivity) with higher security of land resources and assets showed higher efficiency. Promising areas for the development of cooperation are the production of halal products, the development of sports cooperatives, tourist cooperatives.
The problem of dependence of domestic agricultural producers on breeding and genetic developments of Western companies remains high and by the end of 2022 this figure was about 40 percent. The article shows the role of state regulation in overcoming the unacceptably high technological dependence of Russian agricultural production on foreign supplies of seeds, planting and breeding materials. It is noted that in order to solve this problem, a set of measures is needed to accelerate the transfer of breeding achievements into economic practice with appropriate coordination at the state and regional levels of organizational, industrial, educational, scientific and methodological activities, based on close interaction between the state, science and business. The mechanisms of state regulation in the field of import substitution, which are divided into legal, economic, administrative and organizational, are considered. At the same time, the key role in this process is assigned to the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia. A model of interaction between the state, science and agricultural business has been developed for the accelerated transfer of breeding and genetic achievements into economic practice. The possibilities of the national project "Science and Universities" to modernize the material and technical base of the country's breeding centers, including for marker breeding, provision of analytical instruments, breeding equipment, phytotron-greenhouse complexes based on parallel imports, have been studied. The role and importance of the Federal Scientific and Technical Program for the Development of Agriculture for 2017-2030 in obtaining breeding achievements and their transfer to economic practice are determined. A significant role in the transfer of breeding and genetic achievements to agricultural production should be given to high-quality training and timely retraining of personnel, which should become the basis of personnel policy in the country. Based on the study of domestic and foreign experience, a model of continuous agricultural education is proposed. Proposals of a regulatory, economic and organizational nature for the transfer of breeding achievements to the real sector of the economy are formulated.
Based on a preliminarily developed concept of scientific and technological progress in the agricultural sector, the article presents the principles of the innovation strategy for agriculture. The contradictory nature of scientific and technological progress is shown, when innovations in response to certain challenges in food production lead to the creation or intensification of other challenges. The proposed innovation strategy for agriculture, built on this contradiction, argues that the challenges contained in innovations represent an opportunity for the formation of new markets. A key role in the strategy is assigned to the government, which, according to the mission-oriented approach, in the process of creating new markets of great public importance, often acts as the investor of first resort and takes on the bulk of the risk. The success of the implementation of the strategy consists in the formation of new market niches from government-supported innovations—even without changing the current technological paradigm of agriculture. The article also formulates the innovation strategy for Russian agriculture: national and global challenges for agricultural production are examined; active government support for the development of domestic innovations in digital agriculture, green agriculture, organic agriculture, climate-smart agriculture, and modern methods of plant and animal breeding is recommended.
The essence and content of institutional regulation are determined, its differences from state regulation and its connection with it are revealed. A structural-functional approach has been applied to the study of the institutional structure of land relations in agriculture, determining the relationship between the elements of this system, the need for change, adjustment of norms, rules, mechanisms, and identifying directions for development and effective functioning of the system. It has been established that the action of general (industry) institutions extends to the regulation of land ownership, the implementation of land purchase and sale transactions, land management, the procedure for applying legal liability for violations of land legislation, the resolution of land disputes, the establishment of payments for land, etc. Special institutions limit the intended use of agricultural land. In the institutional structure of land relations there are normative legal acts (documents) that have brief factual circumstances (partial information) necessary for the application of a given norm or provide a search for other legal norms in the dispositions. The development of the institute for coordinating the economic activities of subjects of the system of land relations in agriculture is ensured through the creation of a Commission for assessing the efficiency of use of agricultural land in the department for the development of crop production of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Saratov Region. Operating on a permanent basis, the proposed Commission will contribute to the quality regulation of land relations, control (supervision) over the use and protection of land, participate in the weeding out of old institutions, discuss draft regulatory legal acts, monitor the use of land resources, identify violations of land legislation, promote management bodies develop measures to eliminate them.