Umerical indicators of the level and pace of economic and social development are essential for assessing the effectiveness of the country's economic policy, its subsequent amendments, managing the development of society as a whole. The most common among economists Paul Samuelson model displays a direct connection between the allegedly large amounts of savings and the appropriate level of consumption, the economic laws of increasing additional cost, decreasing the efficiency and productivity / profitability, economies of scale, etc. The development of modern developing and developed economies often contradict this models of economic choice . In the author's model similar to the interpretation of "econophysical" trend in modern economic theory (the Carnot cycle in thermodynamics) resulting economic system specific amount of public spending and investment can always bring in the ideal case (the "zero waste" the greatest possible social efficiency of public spending and investment) to the maximum possible rate of economic growth. The result of the model developed by the author of a balanced open economy is to overcome the lack of an imaginary barrier in the economic system of quantitative constants, so strikingly distinguish it from physical systems (with full awareness of its limitations: the irreducibility of social progress and human development to increase income or augmentation of material wealth, the pace of economic growth). Holistic macroeconomic model proposed above, after its introduction in the preparation, coordination, approval and implementation of the budget analysis relevant authorities will, in our view, "sighted" and not blindly scientifically prove and hard to monitor the effectiveness of macroeconomic development, the deviation from the ideal.
In the article diagnostics of the State program of development of agriculture and regulation of markets of agricultural products, raw materials and food were conducted and reflected in it forecasts of development of agriculture of Russia. The authors have developed forecasts of development of the industry of the region, using different models, forecasts of resource support of the industry development, the directions of development of direct support related to the "yellow" basket. Research has shown optimism of forecasts and scenarios of development of agriculture of the Penza region. However, diagnosis of forecasts of development of agriculture of Penza subject, reflected in the State program of development of agriculture, showed the necessity of their formation, so that the productive relationship of indicators and necessary to achieve resource was maximum. The use in practice of the provisions will contribute to the implementation of strategic objectives and enhance the balanced development of agriculture in the industrial and territorial aspects.
Thanks to the implementation of the priority national project and the State agricultural development program, the domestic industry producers of pork and poultry were able to occupy the overwhelming share in the market of meat products, and created conditions became attractive to investors. There appeared the opportunity to develop the infrastructure of the enterprise. Among all subjects of the Russian Federation, Belgorod region has good and stable investment climate. After Russia's accession to the WTO pig was the most vulnerable sector. If current conditions up to 2015. because of the collapse of the planned projects, the increase of production will be reduced by 30‰, ratio of the pig industry will increase to 40‰. Solving these problems requires a systemic approach to all components of agricultural production from further development of infrastructure and logistics centres to promote updating of material-technical base. All these measures are impossible without active state support.
The Tver region has diverse natural resource potential to develop not only agricultural production, but also alternative activities, particularly tourism. In the region there are several major tourist areas in priority areas of tourism that are well known on the Russian tourist market. The number of travel companies in comparison with the regions of the Central Federal district of the Tver region is located on the 6th place. In result of studies it was found that, tourist bases and rest houses more attractive to tourists than sanatorium-resorts. Tourism development in Tver region stimulates co-industry. Infrastructure development, investment attraction will bring tourism Tver region on a qualitatively new level of development.
The article discusses the significance of the indicator "acidity of agricultural land", the analysis shows the trends and its manifestation in the regions, the main directions of optimization. Maintaining and increasing the humus content in the soil, the optimization of soil acidity, soil drainage and decompression - important conditions for growing environmentally friendly agricultural products. The author proposes to introduce incentives for employees (machine operators, managers, specialists and agronomic services farms) to achieve optimal performance of soil acidity and other agrochemical parameters, no compaction of land.
The article suggests the method of assessment of food security at the regional level of the economy, including the analysis of food independence of the region, the degree of satisfaction of physiological needs of the population in food products, economic access to food. For each indicator proposed criteria that allow scores to the level of food security as optimal, valid or low. This technique will allow sufficiently rapid analysis of food security at the regional level of the economy. The obtained data can be used by regional authorities in the planning and development of regional economic and agri-food policy.
In the article the questions of sustainable development of grain production are reviewed, taking into account the zoning in Western Siberia. Evaluation of the efficiency of cultivation of cereals was carried out in two periods: 2002-2005 and 2006-2010. This tendency of some stabilization in the species composition of cereal crops by area allocated to objective differences in terms of grain production from South to North. Analysis of time series yields by period showed that the differences caused by the action of economic, technological and natural factors. As measures that can give the greatest effect in grain production at minimum cost of labour and material funds: improvement of territorial and sectoral structure of grain production; the use of new varieties and hybrids of crops, improved seed production; expansion of purchases of grain at guaranteed prices; improvement of organizational-economic mechanism of state influence on the grain industry.
The analysis of the mechanism of realization of a modern agrarian policy of Russia is carried out. On materials of the Penza region it is revealed that the operating forms and methods of state support of agriculture don't provide to economic entities of conditions even for simple reproduction and due to lack of equal access to the budgetary subsidies conduct to their concentration only in small group of profitable enterprises. As a result it doesn't allow to use completely the agrarian capacity of the region, doesn't promote increase of efficiency of budgetary funds and leads to polarization of agricultural producers on the level of a financial and economic state. Such situation is caused by the need of introduction to practice of additional measures as the untied support, on the one hand, providing coordination of use of the allocated subsidies with objective natural and economic conditions of business activity and creating equal opportunities for expanded reproduction and increase of level of the income, on the other hand, meeting the requirements of the WTO. The technique of planning of untied subsidies which has a social focus is offered and allows to differentiate support of the agricultural organizations depending on conditions of agrarian production.
The majority of elements of innovative development of agriculture and in particular grain production is possible to effective practical realization within the applied technologies. Value of personnel potential for innovative development of branches of agriculture is shown in their interest and readiness to search and development of elements of innovative development in the concrete organizations. Characteristics of personnel potential - a basic component of innovative development of plant growing are presented in article on the example of the agricultural organizations of regions of the Central federal district. Indicators only across the Belgorod and Lipetsk region are satisfactory. In half of regions even on two organizations on average there is no economist. On all professional categories the share of workers with an average education is considerable, and practicians make the most essential share only on process engineers.