The potential of machine-tractor park is a critical node of technical and technological problems of development of the domestic grain production, its chronic and increasing the gap from the main countries-exporters of grain. Despite the fact that domestic agricultural science has developed ways and measures system of technological modernization of agriculture, defining qualitative characteristics and quantitative parameters of the four types of agricultural technologies, but because of the chronic shortage of financial resources, more than 70‰ of the grain-producing farms cultivated crops extensively technologies. Low investment opportunities most grain-producing farms significantly limit conditions for their further development. Russia actually lost its position in the tractor industry and agricultural machinery almost lost domestic market and largely degraded. Increasing the supply of grain farming, high-performance appliances and more complete satisfaction of technological needs will contribute to the implementation of the Strategy of technological modernization of agriculture of Russia for the period up to 2020.
Improvement of legal support of the regional mechanism of regulation of investment activity in the Nizhny Novgorod Region requires simplification of procedure of recognition of priority of investment projects in agriculture with simultaneous observance of target requirements to quality of management of investment activity in the organization to reduce possible risks. The carried-out analysis of standard and legal base of regulation of investment activities for certain regions gives an idea of priority of these or those spheres of the economy in various regions conducting to their development. Within research of reserves of growth of the specified quality questioning of heads of the agricultural organizations of the Nizhny Novgorod Region is carried out. Additional requirements to investment projects of the agricultural organizations which performance has to promote recognition their priority for receiving measures of the state support are defined. The offered measures have to promote rational conducting investment activity by the agricultural organizations at reproduction of fixed assets that has to lead to the general increase of their efficiency.
In agriculture there were different forms of managing now. Identification of the most effective of them is an actual task. The present article is also devoted to this problem. The studied farms of the Nizhny Novgorod Region in organizational and legal forms are divided into two groups: agricultural production cooperatives; business partnerships and companies. For comparison the indicators characterizing efficiency of use of production resources were used. Reduction of number of cooperatives testifies that the intraeconomic relations which are strictly regulated by the legislation for this organizational and legal form constrain their development and more effective use of production resources.
Research objective is justification of need of introduction of system of budgeting for the agricultural organizations for effective management of their financial and material resources. In article the concept of system of budgeting is offered, consecutive calculation of budgets on the example of the concrete organization is given, the positive result of application is revealed. Introduction of budgeting in the agricultural organizations allows to plan all necessary financial and economic performance and to track their performance in all structural divisions and the centers of responsibility of the organization, by comparison and the analysis of the current indicators with the planned.
Currently the main task of the agricultural production is to obtain high yields of crops with minimal economic cost. The purpose of this research was to study the effect of micronutrients and bacterial agents in comparison with traditional types of fertilizers (mineral and organic) on yield, quality and economic indicators of efficiency in the cultivation of spring wheat in the South-East of the Nizhny Novgorod region. Studies have shown that the highest yield and the best quality grain was achieved in the variant with application of mineral fertilizers and additional seeds treatment drugs «Micromac» and «Baikal». The most efficient from an economic point of view is also this option is conditional net income was 7585 rubles per 1 ha of spring wheat cultivar "Kursk-2038".
Agricultural production is one of attractive, and together with this risky type of business. In article foreign experience and domestic system of insurance of risks of agricultural producers is considered. In the majority of the developed countries the main model of agroinsurance is public-private partnership at which the private organizations are engaged in insurance, and the state is engaged in regulation of insurance system. It is possible to include all activity of the agricultural organizations in area of insurance: insurance of a crop or income; insurance on regional indicators or according to farms; insurance of capital assets. In Russia there are only two directions of agroinsurance today: insurance upon risk of loss (death) of a crop of crops, and also losses (death) of farm animals. It is necessary to develop new programs of agroinsurance that will allow to capture considerably bigger number of risks, and also to correlate programs of insurance to opportunities of agricultural producers. Synthesis of the best domestic and foreign practices of insurance in agriculture testifies that preventive measures in agriculture are more effective, than financial help which is given in adverse years.
The economic-mathematical model of optimization of resources of grain was developed on the example of the agricultural organizations of the Nizhny Novgorod Region which make about 90‰ of all volume of grain. Actual data were taken by 2012, verification of the offered model was executed according to 2013 and confirmed the adequacy. According to the received decisions optimization of production resources gives increase in production of grain at the available squares at 133,1 thousand centner, and at increase in a cultivated area by 76,1 thousand hectares - on 1472,3 thousand centner. The developed economic-mathematical model can be applied at strategic planning in a grain subcomplex of the Nizhny Novgorod Region.
Changing of a world political and economic situation in the market of the food set essentially new tasks for agricultural producers of increase of competitiveness of the production. The major limiting factor of development of agriculture is lack of an equal share of pricing. The analysis of dynamics of the prices of agricultural production which testifies to their annual increase over the last 10 years is presented in article. It is proved that one of major factors of effective conducting expanded reproduction in agriculture is the level of development of its material base as in production expenses of agricultural producers of costs of material resources and technical repair services make more than 60‰. Authors analysed dynamics of the prices of acquisition of production resources, and also seasonal change the price of agricultural production and equipment, seasonal fluctuation in prices is defined and offers on increase of efficiency of the state support of resource ensuring agrobusiness are given.
The aim of the research is the development of organizational and economic levers to improve the efficiency of milk production and sales in Russia, taking into account international experience. In the present work, using econometric methods to analyze various indicators of milk production in the Asia-Pacific region, identify the most effective ways of development of the dairy industry in Russia. Recommended measures to the provision of normalized volumes of milk returns from trade to industrial enterprises engaged in the processing of milk, have practical significance for the development of the dairy industry. The conclusion is that in terms of expanding the range of participants and intermediaries in the industry of processing of milk when determining prices for milk shipped into the market, it is important to consider the composition of microelements in milk, especially its production, and a risk factor for commercial calculations.
On the example of farms of the USA with various gender type of management the role of women in management of farms is investigated. Legal (the relation to property, the status), social and demographic characteristics (age, nature of employment, labor experience, education, security with innovative technologies) of female managing directors in farms, and also economic indicators of these farms taking into account distinctions in specialization (economy class of economy, level of the income, profitability) are analyzed legal (the relation to property, the status) are analyzed.