The article reveals the peculiarities of ensuring food independence of the country as the basis for its food security in the modern socio-economic conditions. The author considers food security as the complex concept including food independence and ensuring availability of the food for population. The role of the national agrarian Policy in providing the population domestic food at the expense the development of the agrarian sector of the economy and its foundations of agriculture is shown. There are noted branch results: the advancing growth rates of production of agriculture in comparison with growth rates of gross domestic product; high variability of rates of development of branch; essential reduction of a gap between import and export of foodstuff and agricultural raw materials; stagnation of process of import substitution in the domestic agro food market, especially on meat-and-milk products; high dependence of separate subsectors of agriculture, food and processing industry on import basic means of production. The necessity of developing a new state agrarian policy and organizational and economic mechanism of its realization in the conditions of regional and global integration is proved, as well as actualization Food Security Doctrine of the Russian Federation. Proposals on implementation strategic objectives of the agrarian sector of the economy, oriented to ensuring the food independence of the country, are given.
The increase in production of grain in the country, including the Nonchernozem zone, has to be directed not on its export, but on development of domestic animal husbandry. Scientists of the Moscow research institute of agriculture "Nemchinovka" created new grades of a winter and spring-sown field, a winter rye, winter triticale, oats, barley, peas, a lupine which on productivity and qualitative parameters of grain concede to production of regions of large-scale commodity production of grain and foreign analogs a little. It is the most important component of a solution of the problem of increase of self-reliance grain and import substitution in areas of Moscow area and the Non-chernozem zone in general. The developed high-intensity technologies of cultivation of new grades of grain crops provide steady production of grain at the level of 10-12 t/hectare on winter crops and 8-9 t/hectare to summer cultures, with the set quality indicators for various target use, including baking. It allows creating steady food supply for highly productive animal husbandry. At introduction of the developed recommendations opportunity to subjects of the Centre of Non-chernozem zone opens to save annually on import of grain 5-7 billion roubles. On development and implementation of the program of increase of self-reliance by grain of subjects of the Central region of Non-chernozem zone investments of 50-70 billion roubles will be required.
The author considers the indicators characterizing the size of the state support of agriculture in their dynamics and relative sizes that allowed revealing some regularity in a certain degree contradicting declarations of the government on full support of domestic agriculture. Results of research allowed to reveal obviously expressed tendency of relative and quite often absolute reduction of the state budgetary support of agriculture against growth of opportunities of the budget and words about importance of agriculture, need of import substitution, etc., and, on the other hand, rather successful indicators of gross growth of agricultural production. Thereby agricultural producers again indirectly help other branches of a national economy, promoting release of budget funds. One of the reasons of an inaccuracy of policy of relative reduction of the state support of agriculture - refusal of studying and development of scientific recommendations about economic policy, lack of this subject in basic researches of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
In article the land capacity of rural territories as one of the main internal resources of their development is considered. As the indicator reflecting projection of influence of a condition of land potential on process of transformation of rural territories cultivated areas of crops are taken. The assessment of tendencies of change of cultivated areas from positions of long-term decrease in demand for the main agricultural products for which production the considerable areas of crops are required is given. In article the hypothesis that sharp reduction of cultivated areas is reflection of recession of cumulative demand for the food which at the same time negatively influences development of rural territories is made and proved. Operation of the rent mechanism on formation of interregional distinctions in tendencies of development of rural territories is considered. For activization of development of rural territories offers on overcoming of limitation of domestic demand for the food, including by stimulation of its export that is considered as a factor of further growth of agrarian production are given.
In the late eighties the agrarian sphere needed social and economic and state and legal changes. The Soviet government made decisions on a phased transition to a new economic mechanism, improvement of a state system. However these measures didn't give the expected results. The liberals who came to the power began reforms. Peasants hoped that reforms will allow eliminating the reasons constraining production efficiency of agricultural production but instead of being exempted from paradoxes of centralization, to go on the way of high-quality improvement of the economic relations, the problem was transferred to the political plane. For the first 10 years of reforms economic circulation was left by 33 million hectares of a cultivated area. Production of agricultural production was quickly reduced (7 and more percent a year). If on average in a year in 1986-1990 in Russia 104.3 million t were made. grains, in 1996-2000 - 65.1 million t. The share of production, unsafe for consumption, increased, the demographic situation worsened. Unfortunately in disorder of branch the considerable role was played by scientists-economists of the Russian agricultural academy, declaring that if the western farmers work better, than collective farms and state farms, their form of managing more effective means, without pondering upon that their efficiency depends on an equivalent exchange between the village and the city, on the huge help of the state, on scanty rates on the credits, on use of hi-tech equipment, etc.
The article states that in the domestic grain sub-sector while reducing the machine and tractor fleet in many grain producing farms reduced possibilities for the use of new technologies and machinery for production, harvesting and under working of grain. The lack of domestic agricultural machinery, its poor quality in relation to foreign analogs led to that in recent years import of equipment considerably grew. Updating of agricultural machinery occurs slower rates in comparison with its leaving, but in general power capacities are reduced by less low rates. To stop leaving of main types of agricultural machinery, it is necessary to get annually at least 20000 tractors, 8000 grain-harvesting and 2000 fodder harvesting combines, and also to have regional programs for technical and technological modernization. Development of own agricultural mechanical engineering will allow Russia to pursue more accelerated rates the independent policy directed on import substitution of foodstuff, cars and the equipment for ensuring food security of the country.
The problem of quality is not only important for Russia, but also has to be solved by joint efforts of the state, federal governing bodies, heads, staff of the enterprises, scientists, designers, consumers. In article the main problems in ensuring quality in agricultural production in three aspects are considered: production quality, quality of a product, functional quality. It is noted that acquisition of import technologies and the equipment led to a number of the technical problems in agriculture caused by purchase of outdated technologies, cheaper equipment which isn't corresponding on power, the loop of necessary auxiliary materials, spare parts, additives, vaccines, means of protection of plants, etc. that leads to violations of technological process often isn't considered, increases expenses and terms of implementation of investment projects. On the example of combine harvesters it is shown that the domestic engineering agricultural industry reproduces old designs of equipment. Authors offered the new ways and designs for the thresh and a cut of ears reducing crushing and damage of grain when cleaning. It is expedient to subsidize production of new innovative equipment, but not to reproduce old, maintaining demand for it at the expense of the state. It is noted that in the market of foodstuff the high specific weight of the forged products, especially in the market of dairy products, and consumers distortions of results of an assessment of quality of production mislead by means of advertising. For ensuring functional quality the development of organic agriculture is offered that will allow occupying 10-15‰ of the world market of organic production. Developing the program of increase of competitiveness of domestic agricultural production, producers need to formulate a purpose (a ratio of a level of quality and costs of its providing), to provide compliance of quality of production to requirements of the market and the specific consumer; to provide reduction of transactional expenses, formation of image of the enterprise.
State interests of the country concerning results of agriculture are caused by also natural volumes of production of plant growing and animal husbandry. They define food and raw independence of the country, and also level of security of the population with food. In article the author analyzes the food supply of the population of the country, volumes and growth rates of production of plant growing and animal husbandry for 2004-2013. Indicators of consumption of the main food per capita the Russian Federation for 2009-2013 are compared with indicators of the countries of the West. The author's method of calculation of level of self-reliance of these products at the expense of a domestic production is given. It provides comparison of volumes of consumption to outputs minus production consumption, losses in a year and export. With use of this technique self-reliance level by food on average for 2009-2013 was determined. Results showed that only on bakeries and vegetable oil in our country consumption level is provided. Realization of the State program will allow finishing the specific weight of the Russian foodstuff in their general resources by 2020: grains to 99.7‰, beet sugar to 93.2‰, potatoes to 98.7‰, meat products to 91.5‰, milk product to 90.2‰. It is obvious that consumption volumes per capita of the country of the main food at the same time will grow.
Specifics of agricultural production are that receiving finished goods is connected with impact on biological assets (plants and animals) therefore management of the enterprise needs to know them and to control. In article the organization of operational planning and control in the main production (branch animal husbandry - subsector dairy cattle breeding) agricultural producers is considered. The directions of optimization of work of economical department of concrete agricultural enterprise are considered; activity priorities are allocated and proved. It is noted that at control of development of branch of animal husbandry management of the company needs to compare operational performance with standard data which have essential impact on economic efficiency of branch: standard average daily additional weight of young growth of cattle; expense of forages on a unit of production; the plan of milk yield of milk taking into account data of control milking and a curve of lactation; reproduction indicators. Effective management of the agricultural organizations is inseparably linked with activization of innovative processes. As an innovation author’s application of embryonic insemination that will allow updating the genetic potential of the main herd in the short term is offered, to increase efficiency of animals.