The article deals with the assessment of the resource potential involved in the economic turnover. The main direction of sustainable growth of agricultural production, efficient reproduction is the optimal and rational use of resource production potential. This problem of economical use of resources is important in the food security of the country and relevant in the agricultural sector. Finding a solution to this problem is especially important for agricultural production, since the efficiency of resource use is generally lower than in other sectors of the economy.
Potatoes are a highly profitable type of production and the efficiency of activity of the agricultural enterprise depends on volumes of its production. The article analyzes the efficiency of potato production in the agricultural organizations of the Nizhny Novgorod region. The aim is to investigate the influence of factors on the efficiency of potato production. The increase in sales volumes of potatoes has a positive effect not only on the profitability of potato production, but also on the efficiency of the enterprise as a whole, as with the increase in the share of potatoes in the revenue structure, the profit gained from 1 hectare of agricultural land is growing. It is established that the profitability of potato production is influenced by the size of the cultivated area, yields, cost of seeds and fertilizers per 1 ha of crops, the share of potatoes in the revenue of the enterprise, the complexity of the production of 1 quintal. The yield is 25-30‰ depending on the variety. The degree of impact on the efficiency of potato production of the availability of material and technical resources: stock availability, energy supply, the number of tractors per 1000 hectares of arable land. Naturally, the increase in labour intensity negatively affects efficiency. Increase of efficiency is possible only under condition of increase of resource potential and of implementation of achievements of scientific-technical progress. It is possible to reach high production efficiency of potatoes only on the basis of innovative development of branch in the conditions of large specialized production therefore concentration of production of potatoes in small farms is irrational.
The research objective is to reveal the essence of the category ‘animal breeding development potential’ and description of its building processes. Animal breeding as the branch of agriculture faces certain difficulties in its development. The particularity of the potential building in animal breeding development is defined by the features of the stock reproduction organization and the fodder supplies, by considerable differences in the production efficiency levels for various animal breeding products, by difference among the regions and companies in terms of animal breeding development conditions, heterogeneity of development potentials for animal breeding in the companies of various types. The existing operational conditions do not stimulate massive animal breeding development taking into account its social importance and role in providing adequate nutrition for the population and the country’s food security.
The article deals with the questions of organization of production processes in industry fodder production, enhancing its effectiveness based on formation and use of economic principles, definition of economic relations in the new conditions of development of agrarian sector of the country. Identified some theoretical, methodological, methodical and organizational-economic situation of the Organization of the production and use of feeding stuffs on the basis of specialized links, brigades, detachments, which differ in their logistical, organizational, technological and financial content. Important factors are the optimization of organizational structure of farmland, field and livestock feed industries on on-farm water and fodder production, formation of rational industrial-economic relations between members of the staff within the unit, establishing links between producers and consumers of food, the necessary availability of labour, material, and financial resources. As one of the main directions of this direction offered testing models to create specialized shops in feed production major complexes and agricultural and dairy enterprises combining all component stages of production, storage, preparation and use of feeding stuffs. Shows the methods, techniques and principles of institutional governance, planning and forecasting on development of fodder production, achieving the necessary high quality forages in the specific context of the Bryansk region and a number of other regions of the non-chernozem zone of Russia.
Modern experience of development of innovative territorial and industrial clusters in various branches of the economics of Russia is considered. It is determined that the development of clustering activity in agro industrial complex restrains absence of legislative base and methodical providing, especially techniques of detection of clusters in various sub complexes. For these reasons methodological bases, modern methods and techniques of definition of competitiveness of branches and detection of industrial clusters are analysed. The technique of definition of competitiveness of sub complexes and detection of clusters in 8 regions of the Volga region (Republics Kalmykia and Tatarstan, the Astrakhan, Volgograd, Penza, Samara, Saratov, Ulyanovsk areas) is offered. The analysis of indicators of development meat-grocery (manufactures of meat of cattle and a bird, processing of meat and an sub products, sausage products) and dairy-grocery (manufacture of milk, processing of dairy products) sub complexes on the average for 5 years (2012-2016) is carried out. As a result, it is defined, that many regions of the Volga region have competitive enough branches of animal husbandry suitable for creation of agro industrial clusters. Thus for activization of clustering activity in agro industrial complex, by analogy to other spheres of the economics, formation of legislative base and programs of development of clusters, both on federal, and on regional levels is required.
A research objective is an assessment of efficiency of domestic breeds of the dairy cattle. The existing tendency of "a continuous Holsteinization" is unacceptable for Russia with its various climatic features, geographical dispersion of regional conditions. On the example of the Smolensk region the comparison of four breeds of dairy cattle is executed: Sychevsky, Brown Swiss cattle, Black Pied cattle, and Swiss Holstein. The conclusion is drawn that Sychevsky and Brown Swiss breeds concede to Swiss Holstein breed on efficiency per a cow in a year, but use duration, service the period and an exit of calfs at Swiss Holstein breed is much lower. The lifelong efficiency of these breeds has been calculated. The conclusion is drawn that genetic potential is completely not realized at any breed. Calculation of economic efficiency of use of breeds of the dairy cattle in five years has shown that Sychevsky and Brown Swiss breeds have positive result from activity, and Swiss Holstein is negative due to the lack of reproduction of herd up to standard, short terms of production use of the main herd and high charges.
The author has developed recommendations for the refinement and improvement of methodology and methods of analysis of the influence of the main factors (average sales prices, productivity of cows, grain yields, material costs, commodity production structure) to the level of cost recovery from the sale of products with regard to the zone features on farms cattle-breeding and grain specialization of the Republic of Bashkortostan on the basis of correlation-regression models for 2014-2016 by the program «Statistica 5.0» on the PC. As a result of the author's research, it was found that by using regression coefficients can not compare factors on the level of their effect on the dependent variable (cost recovery) due to differences in measurement units. As a consequence, to eliminate such differences in interpretation in the multivariate models were used private elasticity coefficients, which measure the change in percents effective feature at a deviation of each factor on the same relative value - 1‰ for fixed values of other factors.
In most industries and sub complexes of the agro industrial complex there are processes of horizontal and vertical integration, which increases the risk of monopoly formation at the regional or federal level. Despite the constant attention of government and state support the processes of agricultural producers cooperation in order to overcome the abuse of market power are developing very slowly. At the same time, some of the agricultural holdings have already reached such sizes of production, when a further increase in its scale leads to an increase in costs, while the effect of the scale of processing and logistics is far from exhausted. However, most agro holdings continue to increase production volumes, falling into the trap of the "path dependence". The concept of "interim institutions" considered in the article allows us to reconsider the classical approach to the implementation of economies of scale by both large and small-sized producers. The proposed model for the development of agricultural production on the basis of integration of independent agricultural producers in the production and economic chains of large agribusiness on market principles allows to overcome the negative consequences of the "path dependence" with minimal costs for all participants in the industry. Farmer, while remaining a recipient of income and preserving the possibility of visual control of the production process, provides access to the expert competencies of the agro holding-integrator and loan capital. Agro holdings, without going beyond the effective scale of production of agricultural products, guarantee themselves a market for high quality raw materials at an acceptable price for reproduction, they are able to more fully realize the economies of scale at other stages of the production process, thereby reducing the total costs of final products.
The long-term trend in the reduction of the scale of homestead farming is systemic and is the result of a contradictory process of differentiation of private subsidiary farms - degeneration of small and medium-sized ones, and the growth of the largest ones. As a rule, the motivation for the transformation of a part of private subsidiary farms into mini-farms is connected with the conscious choice of their owners, and their entrepreneurial aspirations. At the same time, the expansion of the participation of the able-bodied population, which has the main profitable occupation outside private subsidiary farms, in the productive activity of the household farming reflects the tendency of a decline in the living standard. Using regression analysis it has been revealed an alternative of consumer and commodity economic practices, and of earnings at the main place of work and income of private subsidiary farms activity. It is shown that the main work and earnings of the members of the household leads to a reduction in the needs and opportunities to do business in commodity private subsidiary farms. However, at the same time, the presence of several adults, both able-bodied and, especially, of the retirement age, in the household increases such opportunities and contributes to the growth of the marketability of private subsidiary farms. Expansion of the labour market with an increase in the size of the rural settlement contributes to a decrease in the number of the able-bodied population in personal household activities.
Development and deployment of innovative products in the sphere of agrarian and industrial complex can be solved by effective activity of agricultural technological platforms. The agricultural technological platform due to connect authorities, scientific community, business, the state, public and non-profit organizations of the countries of EEU. The concept of development of the agricultural technological platform will allow to define the main directions of long-term development taking into account updating of scientific and information, technical and technological base agrarian and industrial complex of the countries of EEU. and also to define forms and mechanisms of strategic interstate cooperation and cooperation between all subjects of innovative activity with necessary resources and levers of stimulation and regulation. The mechanism of implementation of the concept consisting of legal, organizational and economic, technical and technological and marketing blocks is offered. Systematic implementation of measures for transfer of agro-industrial complex of these countries on the innovative way of development will allow to make break in the field of production, storages and processing of agricultural products.