Formation of the civilized market of agrarian work is impossible without analysis of costs of labour considering the interests of employers and workers. In article the attention is focused that agriculture is still not captured by selective statistical observation of size and structure of costs of labour. On materials of summary annual reports of the agricultural organizations and the concrete organization (LLC Ulyanovskaya Niva) the analysis is made and an assessment of costs of personnel is given. In structure of costs of personnel direct expenses, and in them - the salary prevail. The conclusion is drawn that a factor cost on labour of the agricultural organizations isn't capable to perform reproduction function and the more so to provide its expanded reproduction. The possible directions of their improvement, in particular through state regulation are presented. The state can guarantee to workers ensuring basic needs through establishment of the minimum level of expenses on labour; determination of socially necessary level; application of sanctions against the employers encouraging irrational structure of expenses, etc.
Achievement of success in the digitalization of the agrarian sector of the Russian economy as a necessary condition for the growth of its competitiveness is impossible without the formation of an adequate environment for its staffing. This requires both a revision of educational programs, and the modernization of educational technologies, a radical improvement of the material and technical base of higher agrarian education in the Russian Federation. The article describes in detail the steps for the formation of such an environment, taking into account the actual trends in agro production, as well as the state and possibilities of the system of agro-education. Creation of agro science and technology parks at agrarian higher education institutions for advance of smart agro technologies in education, science and practice is offered.
Efficiency of labour is an ability of purposeful activity of people to reach desirable effect at rational use of available resources and ensuring sustainable development of separate branch and cumulative systems. The complex and multidimensional category "efficiency of labour" does problematic assessment of its level. Creation of system of measuring instruments of efficiency of labour which has to include a complex of the general and specific indicators and also the techniques directed to identification of reserves of economic growth of the organizations is required. Methodological approach to measurement of efficiency of agrarian work is specified and methodical tools of his assessment on the basis of the system of indicators according to the offered criteria are added. The offered technique of assessment of efficiency of agrarian work considers set natural and material and the financial cost indexes united in system (both private, and integrated). The technique includes the main and indirect quantitative quality indicators of efficiency of work and also personal and motivational. Similar systematization will allow to receive a complete picture of activity of structural divisions, organizations and branches and to allocate the main directions of their social and economic development.
Human resources represent an important factor of production which rational use provides increase in level of production, cost efficiency. The state and the happening changes in the agrarian sector and economy in general demand additional researches of process of formations of human resources, identification of current trends and regularities, definition of the main directions of the solution of problems in this area. In this research the analysis of a condition of human resources and their employment in the agrarian sector of the Ulyanovsk region is carried out in relation to regional features. The conducted research established the adverse situation in labour market in agriculture of the Ulyanovsk region connected with reduction of resident population because of an adverse demographic situation: aging of the population, outflow of youth to the cities and other regions.
The regional market of meat is one of the largest segments as on capacity (sales volume and purchases, number of types of the sold goods), and on number of participants. Meat production is the main source of proteins of animal origin (on an equal basis with fish and dairy products) in a food allowance of the person. Development of the market puts forward the new problems connected with changes of the external environment and need of improvement of infrastructure that demands the analysis and search of ways of their decision. Optimum distances and time in way for movement of meat production of the enterprises of storage and processing have been calculated. Using a cartogram and indicators of distances, it is possible to define availability of the enterprises of an infrastructure complex to producers of meat production. As the priority directions of development of export in the Voronezh region grain crops, oil and fat and flour-grinding production and in the long term the meat production are considered (mainly pork).
The problem of providing the population of the European North of Russia with food is caused by difficult climatic conditions of managing, the undeveloped, dot nature of agricultural production, low level of the state support of branch, lack of stable relations with territories of production of food, their seasonal delivery to regions and also the focal nature of resettlement. The hypothesis that subjects of the European North of Russia (especially Vologda region) have the considerable potential of agricultural production, in particular dairy cattle’s breeding which realization is strategically important in the developed political and economic conditions for providing the population of the territory with food scientifically is proved in article. The purpose of this article is identification of a role of dairy cattle breeding of the Vologda region, his potential for definition of a possibility of providing the population of the European North with food. The conclusion is drawn that in general the region has the considerable potential and reserves of development of dairy cattle breeding. Development of a complex of actions, tools for activization of the available potential and transformation of agrarian policy of the state is required. When carrying out a research general scientific methods of a research (abstract and logical, system approach, sociological, etc.), statistical (groups, panels, comparisons, etc.), graphic and tabular methods of visualization of data were used.
Food security is a basis of national security of the country. In this article questions of food security are considered, the external and internal threats influencing an economic situation and investment activity of the country are opened. It is confirmed and proved that food security is one of main goals of agrarian, social and economic policy of Russia. The analysis of a condition of food security of the Russian Federation is carried out and also an assessment of influence of sanctions for the domestic market of food is given. The attention is focused on current problems of food security, export of agricultural production of Russia and import substitution in present conditions. The directions of stabilization of food security of the country are defined. The conclusion is drawn that the imposed anti-Russian sanctions worsen an economic situation and a condition of the country. It is necessary to pull together as much as possible approaches on creation and development of risk management systems of food security, including also formation of reserves.
Rational placement of crops is the main condition of increase in production efficiency of production of crop production. The purpose of a research is definition of the directions of development of placement and specialization of crop production. In the course of the research also other methods were applied monographic, abstract and logical, analytical. Results of researches have shown that placement of crops has to consider not only soil and climatic and agro ecological factors, but also economic, scientific and technical progress and social and economic. Influence of factors is considered on extent of influence and also taking into account time factor. In article the conceptual directions of development of placement and specialization of crop production are defined. For justification of development of specialization of crop production it is offered to consider evidence-based alternation of cultures, their range, capacity of production infrastructure, power of the overworking organizations and demand for production and also formation of specialized zones of production. Assessment of expediency of cultivation of cultures needs to be carried out on four levels: expedient, admissible, risky and inexpedient. Influence of factors was estimated on three aspects: from a specialization development position (extent of influence - high, average and low), from a specialization development control position (extent of influence - high, average and low) and lack of influence. The existing placement and specialization of crop production or the offered option of their development can be considered as financially acceptable if the production efficiency and investments is provided.
In last years, in the context of Russia's escalated sanctions confrontation with the West, and the deepening processes of global globalization and integration, a course has been taken to intensify the solution of food security problems, the provision of which directly depends on the rational combination of various forms of ownership and management, ensuring sustainable and efficient agricultural production. In these conditions, the processes of integration in the agro-industrial complex of the country, which is manifested in the creation of integrated groups of holding and cluster type, continue to develop actively. The article describes the main characteristics of these integrated structures, their distinctive features, advantages and disadvantages. The author concludes that the predominant development of large integrated formations is not the right solution for the agricultural sector of the country's economy. A rational combination of various forms of management, both large integrated formations and small and medium-sized agricultural enterprises, is required, which can serve as an important source of increasing the volume of agricultural production in the country, and, as a result, provide food to the population of the country. The methodical apparatus of research is based on a system of General scientific and local methods and techniques; a systematic approach using abstract-logical, monographic, modelling, econometric, institutional analysis and the method of monitoring research.
Development of rural territories in Russia has a certain institutional providing, but in the practical plane laws, strategy, programs and administrative structures are ineffective. Standard and legal and conceptual and program documents do not define essence of the applied model of development of rural territories, and how it corresponds to the foreign analogs which showed the effectiveness in practice. A research objective is to identify the model of development of rural territories to foreign analogs and definition of the directions of possible transition to the most effective of them. Allocation of the developed Russian model is carried out on the basis of verbal approach in a conceptual and graphic look. For carrying out identification of models the descriptive and reference method was used. By results of a research signs and characteristics of the models allocated by foreign authors are defined: exogenous, endogenous, neo-endogenous, branch, redistributive, territorial. The research showed that the developed model of development of rural territories in the Russian Federation can be identified as branch model of exogenous type with all signs and characteristics inherent in it. She properly does not use human resources, does not form the social capital which are a basis of development of rural territories in the 21st century at the local level. In it remain not included in reproduction process considerable natural and mineral raw material resources of rural territories. Preservation of this model on prospect leads to deterioration in a situation in rural territories of the country. Transition to territorial model of rural development of endogenous type with a number of neo-endogen elements is necessary. Have to be the basis the following: formation on places of the human and social capital, creation of partnership and rural "networks", budget support of local initiatives, distribution of various forms of diversified types of activity, etc.