The study of the essence of the development of agro-economic systems objectively leads to understanding of their heterogeneity, due to differences in their development goals, the depth and intensity of changes taking place, the impulses generating the demand for changes, the level of development of the technical and technological base and the dominant technologies for the production of economic benefits, tools to ensure balanced development, mechanisms for coordinating the interests of the system forming entities, and optimizing forms of inter-subject interaction and etc. The increasing differentiation of the economic entities in the agrarian sphere objectively determined the multiplicity of possible models for the agro-economic system development, distinguished by their essential characteristics, target orientation, and quality of development. We suggest to understand the model of the agro-economic system development as the method of organizing intra-system interactions as well as interaction of the system with the external environment, based on the stage of the cyclical development of the system, its target orientation, the quality of the technical and technological basis, the level of resource and technological support, the functionality of the control subsystem and balancing mechanisms interests of interacting units. The choice and implementation of a specific development model occurs under the influence of the institutional environment, taking into account the emerging institutional trends. Based on a comprehensive assessment of the essence of the processes of the agro-economic system development, it is proposed to use the classification of their development models, which suggests the choice of the following classification criteria: the quality of development, its type, the degree of coverage of the system elements. In terms of the development quality, it is proposed to single out models of degrading, depressive, stabilization, inertial, adaptive, advanced and revolutionary (breakthrough) development of agro-economic systems; in terms of the development quality - models of extensive and intensive development; according to the degree of coverage of the system elements - models of point and complex development.
Developing IT-technologies in all sectors of the Russian economy, in general, and digital transformation of agriculture, in particular, are designed to increase the efficiency of management decisions in the agro-industrial sector, as well as to identify existing reserves of qualitative and qualitative growth of the industry. The article pays attention to the issues of state-effective regulation of production and economic relations in the conditions of digitalization of the economy on the basis of studying the experience of creating a regional geographic information system for agricultural lands. The materials of the Rostov region analyzed the main stages of the development of the system, the goals of its creation, the possibilities that allow online data at the regional level, municipal education, agricultural commodity producer, and specific field to generate data: on the types of land used crop rotation, agricultural biomass development crops, yield forecasting, etc. The authors substantiated the necessity of transferring to the electronic form not only operational information, but also accumulated industry data, on the basis of which managers of any level can make the most objective management decisions. The practical experience of the implementation of the regional policy of digitization of soil fertility data for agricultural lands has been studied. The analysis made it possible to conclude that the key to the success of digitalization of the agricultural sector in the context of building an effective system of managing agricultural production is the participation of agribusiness.
Selection and seed farming of crops play the main role in production of crop products. The main structural changes in selection and seed farming of crops in the Russian Federation which happened since 1991 are allocated. The dependence of the domestic agricultural organizations on import of seeds, hybrids and landing material is noted. One of factors of the organizational mechanism interfering development of selection and seed farming of crops in Russia is the outdated legislation. Changes in the normative legal acts in the Russian Federation concerning selection and seed farming of crops are offered. An integrated approach on improvement of selection and seed farming is necessary. Improvement of quality of seeds, ensuring their competitiveness in the world market, creation of a regulatory framework for consumer protection, producers, sellers and buyers of seeds, optimization of functions of public authorities and also decrease in administrative barriers has to become main objectives.
The development of the production potential of dairy cattle breeding should be aimed at solving the tasks of ensuring food security and increasing the added value for expanded reproduction with a systematic account of consumer, production and innovation characteristics. As indicators of industry efficiency, the article uses indicators that determine the profitability of agriculture. The factors of increasing the efficiency of the production potential with due regard for regional specifics are identified and analyzed, and the reserves for its growth are justified. The use of methodical approaches of system and cluster analysis in the study of the development potential of dairy cattle breeding allowed determining territorial differences in the intensity level of dairy cattle breeding production, as well as to identify and structure factors for increasing its efficiency contributing to the formation of added value, regional development preconditions and advanced reproduction.
The measures of the state agrarian policy, implemented for a number of years at the Federal and regional levels, have created prerequisites for mitigating the negative consequences of the development of the dairy cattle industry. This allowed to overcome the trend of annual reduction of milk production in Russia in all categories of farms since 2016, and agricultural organizations to strengthen their positions in the dairy market. However, the potential of the industry is not yet fully realized. One of the factors is the still not suspended reduction in the number of cows, which reached 12.6 million heads by 2018 compared to the pre-reform 1990 year, due to the difficult financial and economic condition of agricultural producers. The article shows that the price of raw milk sales to dairy enterprises not only does not grow, but also is not characterized by stable parameters during the year, which affects the competitiveness of production. Using the data of balance sheets and annual reports of agricultural organizations of the Leningrad region, the role of budget support in the economy of dairy farms is considered, calculations of the economic efficiency of milk processing in farms depending on the productivity of cows are carried out. It is concluded that milk processing directly in agricultural organizations can be effective and economically feasible, as in the modern market environment and the allocated funds of state support of the agricultural sector; it will allow using the internal reserves of production activities of farms. The study used methods of statistical groupings and comparisons.
Development of the industry (subsector) is an achievement qualitatively and quantitatively definite long-term goals concerning all spheres of it’s functioning on the basis of respect for the basic principles and models of regulation and self-regulation of activity, interaction of the state and the organizations. In article top trends of world production of products of poultry farming are considered, the external and internal conditions influencing social and economic development of the country and branch of poultry farming are allocated. The predicted increase in production of products of poultry farming is correlated to change of purchasing power of the population. The low purchasing power of the population does not allow consuming the products made in the industry in the volumes proved by norms of consumption. Development of the industry (subsector) is defined by the respective spheres of its functioning. The following directions of development of the industry are offered: expansion of export of poultry-farming products and its range; increase in production of other species of a bird - guinea fowls, quails, pheasants, etc.; deep processing of a bird; development of organic poultry farming as alternative to large-scale high-intensity production.
Human capital is an intensive factor in the development of an innovative economy. The main factors influencing the formation and state of human capital: economic and geographical position; natural and climatic conditions; natural resource potential; demographic potential and population structure; structure and specialization of the economy; financial security; level of socio-economic development. The Amur Region is characterized by the negative impact of these factors on the formation of human capital, the main criterion of which is the ongoing migration outflow of the population. The rate of decline in the rural population exceeds the rate of decline in the urban population and the rate of decline in the total population of the region. For 2015-2017 the total population of the Amur Region decreased by 1.4‰, the urban population - by 1.3‰, and the rural population - by 1.7‰. The main reason for the migration outflow of the population from the Amur Region is the low quality of life, due to the difficult climatic conditions, low incomes, not comparable to the high prices and tariffs, poor infrastructure and social services. The analysis shows that the labour potential of the Amur Region is effective, and the labour potential of agriculture is most effective, since the growth rates of labour productivity in this industry are 2.11 times higher than the wage growth rates of workers, and the advance factor is the highest compared to other industries economy. To achieve a balanced reproduction of human capital as the basis for the formation of labour potential, it is necessary to develop and implement a socio-economic policy, the main goal of which is to create a system of management of social relations aimed at organizing the process of investing in human capital in the process of forming and using all types of resources spheres of society. At the same time, it should ensure a constant increase in the level and quality of life, as well as an improvement in the qualitative characteristics of the population.
The yield of grain and leguminous crops in Russia significantly depends on the weather conditions on the territory of agricultural production and, in particular, on the amount of precipitation and average monthly temperatures during the growing season. Means of adaptation to long-term climatic changes, such as the reclamation of farmland, including artificial irrigation according to standards developed by the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation, help to make the yields of grain and leguminous crops more sustainable. The Tambov region is in the zone of risky farming and is characterized by a dry spring-summer period. In addition, long-term climatic changes are imposed on regional weather patterns, covering the territories of all Federal districts of Russia. Ways to expand the reclamation of arable land in the Tambov region are already reflected in the program documents of the regional agricultural authorities. However, the share of reclaimed land is still insignificant in the total area of agricultural land. The application of the climate model for predicting the yield of grain and leguminous crops depending on the amount of precipitation from April to August of the calendar year and the sum of average monthly temperatures for the same period will allow more successfully adapting to weather changes and compensating for the lack of moisture in the region with artificial irrigation.
The article is devoted to the study of the development of self-employment in private farms in the Novosibirsk region as a direction of active employment promotion policies. The development of self-employment is associated with solving the problems of rural population employment and reducing unemployment. Self-employment provides an opportunity for rural residents to realize their knowledge and skills, contributes to their adaptation to a difficult life situation and helps the government to resist unemployment. The research method is a survey, specifically a questionnaire survey, carried out by means of a handout questionnaire. The study is based on the results of surveys of citizens who are unemployed or self-employed in private farms. The article aims to present a comparative description of the views of unemployed people and self-employed people in private farms about various aspects, to identify problems and positive results of the transition to self-employment, as well as the necessary assistance and support from government authorities. The plans of unemployed citizens on the motives, fields of activity, forms of organization, help and support are compared with the opinions of people practicing self-employment in personal subsidiary farming. It is concluded that it is necessary to develop the direction of active politics in the countryside, since it contributes to increased activity and self-esteem, improvement of the living conditions of unemployed citizens and, in general, helps them to return to society and reduce social aggravation.
Results of diagnostics of a condition of rural labour market of territorial subjects of the Russian Federation on the main directions are given in article; integrated assessment on the basis of which differentiation of regions on the level of development of the rural market of work is carried out is carried out. Results of a research can be used in development of conceptual provisions and the main organizational and economic mechanisms of regulation of social development of rural territories of subjects of Russia. Differentiation of regions on employment rate is considerable: in absolute expression the difference made 28.2 items. When ranging territorial subjects of the Russian Federation on an integrated indicator the maximum value is noted in Chukotka Autonomous Okrug (11.23), minimum - in the Ulyanovsk Region (4.78). The scope of values of SP is 2.4 times.