The results of scientific studies indicate that in the Russian Federation over the past 4-5 years, the agro-industrial complex in its development rates is ahead of the growth of industrial production. At the same time, up to the present, it has not been possible to reach the threshold indicators of the Food Safety Doctrine for milk and dairy products, for fruits and berries of domestic production. The agricultural sector still lags behind in terms of labour productivity in comparison with the leading EU countries and the USA. The output of the agro-industrial complex to a given trajectory of sustainable and competitive development is undertaken through innovative technologies, modernization, program-oriented and project management, digital and cluster economies, as well as through other mechanisms and tools, including financial ones. This article is devoted to the development of techno park and agro cluster structures as a basis for the scientific and technological development of the agro-industrial complex of the country. The example of two constituent entities of the Russian Federation (Sverdlovsk and Tambov regions) reveals the peculiarities of the formation of a cluster economy and the functioning of agro-park structures.
State support for agricultural production includes the promotion of small businesses in rural areas. The budget constraint requires an effective and rational water use. The aim of the study is to analyze the state support of small business in agriculture. Economic and statistical techniques and methods were used in the work. It is necessary to improve the state support of small business in the agricultural sector, the responsibilities of a small business. The share of rural small business in the total number of small businesses in the Perm region is revealed. The analysis of the number of employed and the turnover of production in small enterprises. It is concluded that the increase in agricultural production by peasant (farmer) farms and individual entrepreneurs. The structure of financing of the state support of development of small business in rural areas of Perm Krai is defined. The conclusion is made about not full use of the budgetary funds intended for stimulation of small business. It is proposed to toughen the responsibility of credit institutions for not modern provision of information on used loans, which limits the ability of small businesses to take advantage of subsidizing part of the interest rate on Bank loans.
At the present stage of development of the agro-industrial complex, breakthrough technologies in the agrarian sector of the economy should be oriented and rely on the innovation component, and primarily on technological innovations that stimulate the expansion of production volumes, based on high-performance equipment and technologies, strengthen the material and technical base of the village. On the pages of many scientific publications little attention is paid to the parameters for evaluating the effectiveness of innovations; only some methodological approaches are proposed with the lack of a system of indicators for assessing their effectiveness, which is associated with a limited information base and the lack of practical results. For example, the information base on innovations in the agro-industrial complex began to form in the forms of statistical reporting only from 2016. We propose methodological approaches to evaluating the effectiveness of the innovation process in the regional agricultural sector, represented by a system of indicators that is not static in nature, but can be supplemented and improved.
To determine the economic efficiency of land use, there is a certain variety of proposed methods, which indicates the absence of generally accepted approaches to this issue. However, in modern conditions it becomes relevant and appropriate to use a single scientifically based model for determining the economic efficiency of land use. In accordance with this, we consider it necessary to summarize the indicators in a system that would allow a comprehensive and objective assessment of the effectiveness of the involvement of land in the production of agricultural products, and, importantly, to ensure the comparability of the results of management of various economic entities in the field of land use. The quantitative measurement of the economic efficiency of land use in agriculture, in our opinion, should be carried out by a system of indicators based on the use of cost, natural-cost and natural forms of indicators of land allocation and land capacity, which will allow to objectively assess the effectiveness and at the same time ensure the uniformity and compatibility of the assessment.
Ensuring the effective use of existing land resources is the direct responsibility of all regional and municipal governments. Consequently, management of the economy of a real object of an economic entity - a land user for state and municipal authorities, as an element of land relations, objectively falls into the sphere of state regulation. Legal, economic, organizational and administrative levers of state regulation are intended to direct agricultural land use towards its conformity to state interests, taking into account the growth of incomes of economic entities - land users. The lack of control over land management by the authorities generates a decrease in social utility, which leads to the retirement of agricultural land from economic use. Improving the management of the economy of a real object of an economic entity - the land user is based on a comparison of the values of the returns indicators with the labour and capital expenditures on the production and sale of products from the land plot. Regional and municipal bodies should assess the level of optimal work of the economic entity - the land user by comparing the obtained agricultural products per unit area.
The article presents the author's periodization of the technological development of agriculture (crop production). The periodization is based on the developed classification of innovations and technologies, the main nodes of which are the following concepts: innovation and its types, diffusion of innovations, and technological paradigm. The following groups of technologies and corresponding types of radical innovations have been singled out: 1) the technological paradigm of the industry in question (revolutionary and sustaining innovations); 2) potential revolutionary technologies (potential revolutionary innovations); 3) alternative technologies (alternative radical innovations: disruptive innovations and non-traditional innovations); 4) unused technologies (outdated radical innovations, failed radical innovations). According to this classification, the following historical periods in the technological development of agriculture have been suggested: 1) traditional agriculture (based on practical everyday knowledge of pre-scientific agronomy, with the use of human and animal energy and corresponding tools, with the application of organic fertilizers; up to the 19th century, while the 19th century can be considered as a transition period); 2) classical agriculture - mechanized agriculture based on the knowledge of scientific agronomy, with the application of mineral and organic fertilizers and pesticides, with the use of selective breeding, but without genetic engineering (from the mid-20th century to the 90s; the first half of the 20th century is a transition period); 3) high-tech agriculture (has been forming since the 90s of the 20th century; includes technologies of precision, digital, smart and robotic agriculture, and the production of genetically modified agricultural products).
Economic and mathematical modeling has become widespread in economic research at the stage of completion of the transition to industrial technology in the last century. The provision of industrial enterprises with financial and material resources was carried out on the basis of long-term contracts. In turn, long-term contracts were concluded based on the development of long-term investment projects and targeted programs. Economic and mathematical models were a tool for carrying out variant calculations of the indicators of these projects and programs. The economic-mathematical model considered in the article was first created by the author to carry out real calculations performed when developing proposals for the USSR Food Program, adopted in 1982. In 1991, the system of equations of the model and the information base were updated to adapt them to the calculations long-term forecasts for the agro-industrial complex, held at the All-Russian research institute of economy. At present, due to the need to solve new problems of a long-term economic policy, it becomes important to update the information and the system of model equations for forecasting alternative calculations for the agro-industrial and food complexes of the country for the foreseeable future.
Production of agricultural products represents the multi-stage and difficult process which is carried out in the conditions of the competition subject to the whole complex of risks that causes existence of high requirements to quality of management of these processes. One of the most important instruments of increase in efficiency of functioning of agrarian business, optimization of risks and uncertainty is realization of design approach which allows increasing return from already used resources and also promotes attraction additional as a result of formation of an objective picture and understanding of characteristics of the project. These advantages cause relevance of introduction of elements of project management in the agrarian sphere. Introduction of project management will allow developing more effectively production and market infrastructure of agrarian and industrial complex.
The article deals with the problem of potato production in the steppe zone of the Altai Territory. The climate of the region is sharply continental. Farm fields are located on the plain, on which there are hollows, streams. Plain flat has a slight slope to the north (4-5‰). The territory of the experimental farm is included in the warm, arid region of moderately arid steppes. The soils of the experimental plot are southern chernozem, they have high natural fertility. The humus content is up to 7‰, a gradual decrease with depth is recorded. The reaction of the soil medium approaches is neutral (pH 7.0-8.0). To successfully cultivate a culture, it is necessary to work out the elements of the proposed technology for the production of potato tubers. One such element is variety. In studies, the reaction of six varieties of potato of different ripeness groups to the conditions of the cultivation medium was studied. It was revealed that even zoned varieties do not always fully realize their biological potential. It was revealed that in culturally favourable years it is better to grow varieties: Lubava, Nevsky and Aspia, and in adverse conditions - Luck, Nevsky, and Nakra. On average, over two years of research, the maximum yield was achieved in both the 2016 and 2017 years on the Nevsky Standard (50.7 t / ha and 37.4 t / ha, respectively). The economic evaluation of potato cultivation shows that the profit from the sale of tubers is obtained on all varieties. Its indicator ranges from 132.5 roubles / ha from the Lubava variety to 281.1 roubles / ha in the Nevsky variety. The greatest profit from growing varieties of potatoes was obtained from varieties: Nevsky – 281.1 roubles / ha, Lina – 182.6 roubles / ha. High profitability (higher than 100‰) was shown by all grades.
Agro-industrial integration is a natural form of interaction among economic entities, economically, technologically, and organizationally united in a single product chains, covering all their links: from the production of agricultural raw materials to the production and sale of final products. Integration relations are traditionally considered in the context of three components: technological, economic, and organizational. Agro-industrial integration is a classic case of vertical integration associated with ensuring the interaction of economic entities operating at different stages of the formation of the final product values in the agri-food complex. It is proposed to consider sets of incentive causes, constraints and risks, directions, types, and forms of integration as the essential characteristics of vertical agro-industrial integration. Territorial product clusters are recognized as an effective form of organizing the subjects’ interaction in agro-industrial integration, within which the integration relations reach the fundamentally different level as a result of the emergence of conditions ensuring the mutual benefit of cooperation between the integrating subjects and the realization of a complex of their economic interests based on a fundamentally different system of inter subjective relations and "soft" governmental impact on the processes of intra cluster interaction. The cluster model for the integration relation development is considered the most promising form of development of agri-food systems, and clusters are viewed as the optimal tool for creating the system of inter-subject relations between participants in the agro-industrial integration interacting within the boundaries of localized economic areas. The use of the advantages of territorial concentration and the possibility of establishing strong and long-term formal and informal relations among the economic integration subjects objectively determine higher flexibility of cluster structures and the efficiency of functioning of all their elements.