Яндекс.Метрика

Transfer of breeding and genetic achievements into Economic practice: problems and solutions

The problem of dependence of domestic agricultural producers on breeding and genetic developments of Western companies remains high and by the end of 2022 this figure was about 40 percent. The article shows the role of state regulation in overcoming the unacceptably high technological dependence of Russian agricultural production on foreign supplies of seeds, planting and breeding materials. It is noted that in order to solve this problem, a set of measures is needed to accelerate the transfer of breeding achievements into economic practice with appropriate coordination at the state and regional levels of organizational, industrial, educational, scientific and methodological activities, based on close interaction between the state, science and business. The mechanisms of state regulation in the field of import substitution, which are divided into legal, economic, administrative and organizational, are considered. At the same time, the key role in this process is assigned to the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia. A model of interaction between the state, science and agricultural business has been developed for the accelerated transfer of breeding and genetic achievements into economic practice. The possibilities of the national project "Science and Universities" to modernize the material and technical base of the country's breeding centers, including for marker breeding, provision of analytical instruments, breeding equipment, phytotron-greenhouse complexes based on parallel imports, have been studied. The role and importance of the Federal Scientific and Technical Program for the Development of Agriculture for 2017-2030 in obtaining breeding achievements and their transfer to economic practice are determined. A significant role in the transfer of breeding and genetic achievements to agricultural production should be given to high-quality training and timely retraining of personnel, which should become the basis of personnel policy in the country. Based on the study of domestic and foreign experience, a model of continuous agricultural education is proposed. Proposals of a regulatory, economic and organizational nature for the transfer of breeding achievements to the real sector of the economy are formulated.

Scientific and technological progress and the innovation strategy for agriculture

Based on a preliminarily developed concept of scientific and technological progress in the agricultural sector, the article presents the principles of the innovation strategy for agriculture. The contradictory nature of scientific and technological progress is shown, when innovations in response to certain challenges in food production lead to the creation or intensification of other challenges. The proposed innovation strategy for agriculture, built on this contradiction, argues that the challenges contained in innovations represent an opportunity for the formation of new markets. A key role in the strategy is assigned to the government, which, according to the mission-oriented approach, in the process of creating new markets of great public importance, often acts as the investor of first resort and takes on the bulk of the risk. The success of the implementation of the strategy consists in the formation of new market niches from government-supported innovations—even without changing the current technological paradigm of agriculture. The article also formulates the innovation strategy for Russian agriculture: national and global challenges for agricultural production are examined; active government support for the development of domestic innovations in digital agriculture, green agriculture, organic agriculture, climate-smart agriculture, and modern methods of plant and animal breeding is recommended.

Institution of coordination of economic activities of subjects of the system of land relations in agriculture

The essence and content of institutional regulation are determined, its differences from state regulation and its connection with it are revealed. A structural-functional approach has been applied to the study of the institutional structure of land relations in agriculture, determining the relationship between the elements of this system, the need for change, adjustment of norms, rules, mechanisms, and identifying directions for development and effective functioning of the system. It has been established that the action of general (industry) institutions extends to the regulation of land ownership, the implementation of land purchase and sale transactions, land management, the procedure for applying legal liability for violations of land legislation, the resolution of land disputes, the establishment of payments for land, etc. Special institutions limit the intended use of agricultural land. In the institutional structure of land relations there are normative legal acts (documents) that have brief factual circumstances (partial information) necessary for the application of a given norm or provide a search for other legal norms in the dispositions. The development of the institute for coordinating the economic activities of subjects of the system of land relations in agriculture is ensured through the creation of a Commission for assessing the efficiency of use of agricultural land in the department for the development of crop production of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Saratov Region. Operating on a permanent basis, the proposed Commission will contribute to the quality regulation of land relations, control (supervision) over the use and protection of land, participate in the weeding out of old institutions, discuss draft regulatory legal acts, monitor the use of land resources, identify violations of land legislation, promote management bodies develop measures to eliminate them.

Modernization of the technical resource of the agricultural sector Russian economy under sanctions restrictions

The development of the technical base of agriculture is one of the key priorities of the agricultural sphere, especially in modern conditions of economic sanctions. The latter impose restrictions on trade and access to the latest technologies. Thus, the monitoring of agricultural equipment was carried out in the organizations of the agro-industrial complex, the acquisition of modern agricultural equipment, the state of energy capacities. It was revealed that in the period 2018-2028. the number of tractors decreased by 7.2%, tractor trailers by 9.1%, plows by 6.5%, cultivators by 8.6%, sowing machines by 13.8%, mowers by 5.4%, the number of combines per 100 hectares of crops decreased by 7.8% for grain harvesters, by 9.7% for forage harvesters, by 8.3% for corn harvester. At the same time, the volume of crops per combine of any type increased. There is an increase in the total power of the engines of combines and self-propelled machines by 5.5%, other mechanical engines by 17.3%, which positively compounded the filling of business in the industry. It is necessary to make every effort to increase agricultural productivity, technical support of the latter, which will not only improve production efficiency, ensuring the country's food security, reducing dependence on imports, creating favorable conditions for the economy as a whole. To achieve these goals, research work in agronomy, reclamation, agriculture and animal husbandry should be stimulated and intensified. The results of these studies should be promptly implemented in practice through the modernization of the technical base of the agro-industrial complex. At the same time, it is important to develop proprietary innovative technologies, taking into account the climatic conditions inherent in the region, the peculiarities of the soil cover, to focus efforts on intensifying agricultural engineering and production of specialized equipment, stimulating regional production, which will facilitate access to modern machines and innovative technologies, reducing dependence on imports.

Analysis of subsidizing agricultural producers in the Belgorod region

The need for state support for agricultural producers is determined by objective reasons and conditions under which and under which agro-industrial enterprises cannot do without outside help, and these reasons and conditions cannot be promptly eliminated. Subsidies are one of the main forms of state support for agricultural producers. Subsidies are designed, firstly, to stop the effects of imbalances in the distribution of added value between economic entities that differ in their market position. Secondly, a weighty argument according to which it is advisable to subsidize agricultural producers is the course declared by the Government of the Russian Federation for scientific, technical and innovative development. Here, first of all, it is necessary to stimulate priority commodity and technological directions of agro-industrial complex development. As a result of the research, it was found that the volume of subsidies to agricultural organizations in the Russian Federation as a whole, the Central Federal District and, especially in the Belgorod region, is decreasing. At the same time, on average for the analyzed period (2018-2022), the level of state support per 1 hectare of agricultural land in the Belgorod region was noticeably higher than the average for the Central Federal District and the Russian Federation. However, if in 2018 the level of state support per 1 hectare of agricultural land in the Belgorod region exceeded the federal figure by 4 times, and the district indicator by 2 times, then in 2022 this advantage was lost.

Analysis of the impact of government support on the modernization of dairy farming

A comparative analysis of the amount of state support per 1 ton of milk produced and the structure of state support from federal and regional budgets in the Northwestern Federal District and certain regions of the Central Federal District showed a significant differentiation of these indicators. Regions of the Non-black earth region of Russia with less favorable agro-climatic conditions lose out in the allocation of support funds from the federal budget. The pace of the creation of slaughterhouses in the Russian Federation over the period under study demonstrated a twofold increase. The share of created slaughterhouses at newly commissioned livestock facilities increased to 90%, while reconstructed and modernized ones decreased to 10%. State support for milk production has had a positive impact on the pace of creation of livestock farms in the regions. At the same time, the ratio of the created slaughterhouses to the total number of cows kept in agricultural organizations, farms and individual entrepreneurs remains low. The state support provided per cow kept on farms had little effect on the total number of slaughterhouses created per 100 cows during the period, with significant differentiation of these indicators between regions. An analysis of the volume of total state support for the period 2016-2022, based on the new or modernized cattle place created during the study period, revealed multiple differences between regions in this indicator, with its weak connection with the number of built cattle places per 100 cows. The analysis proves the need to improve the organizational and economic mechanism to support the technological modernization of dairy farming.

Cost-effectiveness of soil herbicide application in grain crops

The purpose of the work was to carry out an economic assessment of the use of soil herbicides in the technology of cultivating grain crops. The relevance lies in the fact that the use of soil herbicides is being studied for the first time in the technology of cultivating grain crops. As a result of the detection of a production error, a reconnaissance study is carried out on the possibility of using soil workers in the technology of cultivating grain crops, which will identify agricultural crops tolerant to soil herbicides and develop a technology for cultivating crops that contributes to the more complete extermination of weeds in the crop rotation system. The article also provides data on the assessment of the biological yield of oats obtained during a single use of soil herbicide without the subsequent use of pesticides for growing plants in comparison with the technology of cultivation of oats traditional for the Amur Region. An economic assessment of the effectiveness of the use of soil in oat crops was carried out, as a result of which a slight increase in the cost of cultivation technology using soil workers relative to traditional technology was revealed due to an increase in the cost of pesticides. At the same time, the decrease in biological yield from the use of soil workers is due to the stress to which plants were subjected during seedlings and seedlings. The profitability of production at the price of selling oat seeds remains at a fairly high level and amounts to 167.9% when using soil workers and the sale price of 10 thousand rubles. per ton of seeds.

Issue № 2, February 2024, article № 10

Formation of an innovative component in the structure of organic products

The study revealed the factors of the external and internal environment that mediate the formation of an innovative component. The functional scheme of the model "innovative component" of the potential of the producer of organic products is constructed, indicators of the development of organic agriculture of the Russian Federation and the regional market of organic crop products are monitored. According to the results of 2021, the increase in production volumes in the Russian Federation of organic wheat, barley, buckwheat, rye, oats, corn, rice was established. The regional market of organic crop production is studied on the example of the Saratov region with the allocation of products presented on electronic platforms and having the appropriate organic products labeling. The results of the study are summarized taking into account the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated 07/14/2021 No. 1912-r "On approval of the goals and main directions of sustainable (including green) development of the Russian Federation, the Draft Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation "On the strategy for the development of organic production in the Russian Federation until 2030" with justification for the progressive development of organic crop production and providing the population of Russia with environmental clean food products, entering the world market with competitive, high-margin and high-quality organic agriculture products.